文言文中的文学现象都有哪些,像一词多义,古今异义之类的
推荐回答(3个)
文言现象是指在文言文里面出现的与现代汉语不同的语言现象,主要包括:特殊句式、实词虚词的用法、词古今异义、通假字、词类活用等现象。
文言实词:
1、古今异义
2、文言通假
3、一词多义
4、词类活用
文言虚词:
主要有十八个文言虚词,其中“之”“而”“以”“于”“其”最为重要
文言句型:
判断句
倒装句(宾语前置句、定语后置句、状语后置句、突出强调句)
省略句
具体的例子,由于篇幅不一一举例,请你自己去搜索、查阅。
文言语法: 常见实词、常见虚词、文言句式
一、常见实词:
文言实词包括名词、动词、形容词、数词。掌握通假字、古今异义词、词类活用、一词多义
二、常见虚词 文言虚词包括副词 、介词 、连词 、助词 、叹词和代词。
文言虚词很多 ,但“常见”者毕竟有限 。《考纲》中要求“理解常见文言虚词在文中的用法”,“常见的文言虚词”指的是考纲规定的18个:而、何、乎、乃、其、若、所、为、焉、也、以、矣、因、于、与、则、者、之。高考涉及文言虚词的试题不会超过这18个虚词的范围。
之(一)代词
可以代人、代物、代事。代人多为第三人称,译作“他”(他们)、“它”(它们)、这、这件事。
(二)助词
1、结构助词,译为“的”,有的可不译。 如:予尝求古仁人之心(《岳阳楼记》)
2、结构助词,放在主谓之间,取消句子独立性,无义。如:予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染(《爱莲说》)
3、音节助词。用来调节音节,无义,一般不翻译。如:怅恨久之(《陈涉世家》)
4、结构助词,宾语提前的标志,无义。如:何陋之有?(《陋室铭》)
(三)动词。译作“去、往、到”。如:辍耕之垄上。《陈涉世家》
三、与现代汉语不同的句式 判断句、被动句、省略句、倒装句、固定句式
(一)判断句 翻译时要译作:“……是……”
(二)被动句 翻译时要将有关词语译成“被”。
(三)省略句
1、省主语、谓语、宾语“之”。
2、省略量词、介词“于”。
翻译文言省略句时,省略的词语,特别是在现代汉语中不能省略的部分,要补充翻译出来。
(四)倒装句
文言中有些句子成分的排列次序跟现代汉语不同,习惯上称之为“倒装”。
谓语前置(主谓倒装)、宾语前置、定语后置、介宾短语后置做补语
(五)固定句式
文言文中有一些结构固定的格式用法。这些类固定句式,翻译时要合乎现代汉语的习惯。
“如……何?
“不亦……乎”
“何其……” ”
“孰与”
“以……为”
“是故”、“是以”
“不亦……乎”
“得无……乎”
“与其……孰若……”
“宁……无”等等
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