佛法里的辟之佛与声闻,缘觉有什么联系那???谢谢

2025-03-24 12:11:08
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

声闻梵语s/ra^vaka,巴利语sa^vaka。音译舍罗婆迦。又意译作弟子。为二乘之一,三乘之一。指听闻佛陀声教而证悟之出家弟子。大乘义章卷十七本解释声闻之名义有三,即:(一)就得道之因缘而释,闻佛之声教而悟解得道,称为声闻。(二)就所观之法门而释,如十地经论卷四说,我众生等,但有名故,说之为声,于声悟解,故称声闻。(三)就化他之记说而释,如法华经卷二信解品载说,以佛道声,令一切闻,故称声闻。此三释中,前二者为小乘之声闻,第三则为菩萨,随义而称为声闻。  声闻原指佛陀在世时之诸弟子,后与缘觉、菩萨相对。 缘觉梵语pratyeka-buddha,巴利语pacceka-buddha。音译钵剌医迦佛陀、毕勒支底迦佛、辟支迦佛、贝支迦佛、辟支佛。又作独觉、缘一觉、因缘觉。为二乘之一,三乘之一。指独自悟道之修行者。即于现在身中,不禀佛教,无师独悟,性乐寂静而不事说法教化之圣者。声闻与缘觉,称为二乘;若共菩萨,则为三乘。 独觉之种类,依大毗婆沙、俱舍、瑜伽师地诸论,有部行独觉、麟角喻独觉二种。依俱舍论卷十二载,部行独觉指声闻时已证不还果,而欲达阿罗汉果时,离佛自修自悟者;麟角喻独觉指独居修行一百大劫,而积足善根功德之觉者。关于部行独觉,有一说认为原即指须陀洹等之声闻;另一说则谓彼等先为异生,曾修声闻之顺决择分,后自证道,由是而得独胜之名,此系基于本事经中苦行外仙效仿猕猴之威仪而独证之说,即阐明部行独觉乃异生凡夫之意。此中,部行独觉之得名,系由其在声闻修行之际,多居僧团中生活;麟角喻独觉则系独自于山间、林下修行,不结伴侣,故以麟角为喻。 另依大智度论卷十八之意,辟支佛有二类:(一)独觉辟支佛,亦有二种:(1)小辟支迦佛,本是‘学人’(即指‘有学’,系相对于‘无学’而言),在受生七次须陀洹之后来生于人间,而于无佛之世自证成道。(2)大辟支迦佛,即于百劫中增长福慧,而得三十一相、三十相、二十九相乃至一相之圣者。盖前者即相当于部行独觉中之得果声闻,后者相当于麟角喻独觉。(二)因缘觉辟支佛,系由先世福德愿行之果报,而不必从他人闻法即能自出智慧,藉飞花落叶等之小因缘而觉悟,相当于部行独觉中之异生凡夫。 又瑜伽师地论卷三十四明揭三种独觉之道,其第一种即相当于今所说之大辟支迦佛,第二种相当于因缘觉,第三种相当于小辟支迦佛。四教义卷三引用大智度论之文,谓犹如独觉有大小二种,因缘觉亦有大小二种,其说恐非允当。 华严经行愿品疏钞卷四亦举出缘觉有三种之别:(一)缘觉之缘觉,此与‘因果俱’相同。(二)声闻之缘觉,其中‘因’系指声闻,‘果’成缘觉。(三)菩萨之缘觉,其中‘因’系指菩萨,‘果’成缘觉。 大乘义章卷十七对声闻、缘觉有四句分别:(一)是声闻而非缘觉,即声闻人。(二)是缘觉而非声闻,即麟角喻人。(三)是声闻亦是缘觉,即为部行。(四) 是缘觉亦是声闻,即因缘觉。又声闻、缘觉相较,则有五同六异之说,五同即:(一)见理同,同见生空之理。(二)断障同,同断四住之烦恼。(三)修行同,同修三十七道品法。(四)得果同,同得尽智、无生智果。(五)证灭同,同证有余、无余涅盘。六异指:(一)根异,声闻为钝根,缘觉为利根。(二)所依异,声闻依师,缘觉不依师。(三)藉缘异,声闻藉教法为缘而得悟道,缘觉藉事相之现缘而悟道。(四)所观异,声闻观察四真谛法,缘觉观察十二因缘法。(五)向果异,声闻人中四向四果,缘觉人中一向一果。(六)通用异,声闻之人二千国土为通境界,缘觉之人三千国土为通境界。 缘觉若与菩萨相较,则有一同十异,一同即入于圣位而永不退转,十异即:(一)因异,缘觉之宿善狭小,菩萨广大。(二)根异,缘觉为钝根,菩萨为利根。 (三)心异,缘觉畏苦,菩萨不畏。(四)所解异,缘觉观十二因缘而悟解生空之理,菩萨观一切法而解二空。(五)起行异,缘觉修自利行,菩萨修自他二利行。 (六)断障异,缘觉断烦恼障,菩萨能断烦恼、所知二障。(七)得果异,缘觉得小涅盘,菩萨得大涅盘。(八)起化异,缘觉仅现神通而不说法,菩萨能现神通,亦能宣说。(九)通用异,缘觉同于声闻仅一心一作,不能众心众作,而诸佛菩萨能于一时化现十方世界之一切色相、五趣之身等而施化用。(十)体义异,缘觉所有之身智功德悉皆无常、苦、无我、不净,菩萨之涅盘则常、乐、我、净。以上之比较系大乘家之说,小乘家则认为不论声闻、缘觉、菩萨等,最后均归于‘灰身灭智’之状态。 缘觉人唯有自利行,而无利他心,故不起大悲心救度众生,遂难登佛果位。此即缘觉之舍悲障。若自声闻而言,则缘觉为利根;若自菩萨而言,则缘觉为钝根。故旧华严经卷六等,相对于声闻之称为小乘,菩萨之称为大乘,遂将缘觉称为中乘;另于大品十地之中,称缘觉为‘支佛地’,置之于‘已辨地’之上,‘菩萨地’之下。亦即通教十地中之第八地。以支佛地而言,本身便有十地之分类。[增一阿含经卷三十二、贤愚经卷五、大毗婆沙论卷七、卷一八○、大智度论卷十九、卷二十八、瑜伽师地论卷三十二、辟支佛因缘论卷一、出三藏记集卷一、瑜伽论略纂卷九、俱舍论光记卷二十三、慧苑音义卷上、玄应音义卷三、翻译名义集卷二]

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