推荐回答(4个)
谈到历代妇女的地位问题,我们首先要谈到妇女的地位问题,涉及到母系社会和儒家倡导的“三从四德”两个因素.在古代,生产力极低,古人对自然的认识极其有限。当时人口很少,活动范围也很有限。
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祖先面对敌人,很多都是天敌和野兽的袭击,人们对有生育能力的妇女十分崇拜。在族群的状态中,族群的数量往往决定了他们的生存状态。当人口数量增加时,就有可能完成食物的采集、狩猎、保护弱小个体的成长以及其他有利于群体生存和成长的事情。从古代的女娲神话中,我们可以看到古代母系社会的雏形。有生育能力的女性成员的地位更为重要。事实上,自然界的大多数物种都是母系社会,它们所属的群体都是围绕母系社会建立的。随着生产力的发展和人类社会的进步,男性在社会生产中的主导地位日益凸显。
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特别是,随着社区中个人数量的增加,为满足这些个人的基本需求而开展更广泛的活动的需要,社区间联系的出现,以及为了生存资源而发动的战争,身体强壮的人逐渐走上了政治舞台。在中国的商朝,有许多父权政治势力,仍然有许多母系政治势力,妇女的地位仍然很高,可以是国家元首,祭司等。殷墟出土的甲骨文中记载,商王朝的皇后傅好,曾经是女祭司,主持过一次大祭祀。到了周代就出现了对女性的约束,比如《周礼·天官·九嫔》:就有“九嫔掌妇学之法,以九教御:妇德、妇言、妇容、妇功。”《仪礼·丧服·子夏传》中出现了更多对女人的言约束性的记载“妇人有三从之义,无专用之道。故未嫁从父,既嫁从夫,夫死从子。”
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汉武帝“罢黜百家,独尊儒学”,也就把儒家对女性行为的约束性延续了下来,在以后女性都要“三从四德。”在西晋发生“八王叛乱”后,北方游牧政权声称对中原地区进行了混乱的统治,司马政权被迫南迁。没有儒家文化的游牧民族仍然保持着相对原始的社会形态,妇女的地位仍然相对较高。南北朝时期,北方由游牧部落建立,女性的地位非常高。有女将军,就像木兰一样。当然,由于受到儒家文化的影响,这些特征变得越来越小。在杨坚统一南北后,还有许多其他的贵族也是游牧民族,如张氏,甚至杨坚的皇后独孤,也是鲜卑人,而唐太宗的祖母,皇后,也是鲜卑人的贵族。
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事实上,隋唐时期是一个民族大融合的时期。由于受到民族习俗的影响,这一时期妇女的地位非常高。例如,杨坚非常怕老婆,有一段时间,杨坚和皇后一起在宫廷里,就是在这段时期,武则天诞生了。与这个时期的历史背景有关。如果说妇女在历史上的地位,古代母子社会是最高的,那么在后来的历史进程中,游牧文化在妇女地位相对较高的时候更为重要,值得一提的是,在中国历史上,与繁荣时期相比,隋唐时期妇女的地位是非常高的。
唐朝。因为唐朝时期国家繁荣,对各种文化都保持宽松态度,妇女的地位也变高了。
秦国没有皇后,所以不好说清楚,汉朝可以看到很多女性的身影,比如吕后掌握了较大的权力,魏晋时期美男子盛行,只有有一定的社会地位,才能去追求美男子,唐朝出了一个女人参政,但这一切只是比较少的个例,女性最高的地位应该出现在宋朝,宋朝有着高度发达的商业以及宽松的政策孕育出来高度的文明。
唐朝的妇女地位最高,毕竟武则天是第一个也是唯一的女皇帝,朝廷上也有女人进行参政。
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