什么是离子键,什么是共价键,解释下

2025-01-25 03:50:17
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

离子键
离子键通过两个或多个原子或化学集团失去或获得电子而成为离子后形成。带相反电荷的离子之间存在静电作用,当两个带相反电荷的离子靠近时,
表现为相互吸引,而电子和电子、原子核与原子核之间又存在着静电排斥作用,当静电吸引与静电排斥作用达到平衡时,便形成离子键。因此,离子键是指阴离子,阳离子间通过静电作用形成的化学键。离子键属于化学键,大多数的盐,由碱金属或碱土金属形成的键,活泼金属氧化物都有离子键。含有离子键的化合物称为离子化合物。离子键与物体的熔沸点和硬度有关。
共价键
是化学键的一种,两个或多个原子共同使用它们的外层电子,在理想情况下达到电子饱和的状态,由此组成比较稳定的化学结构叫做共价键,或者说共价键是原子间通过共用电子对所形成的相互作用。其本质是原子轨道重叠后,高概率地出现在两个原子核之间的电子与两个原子核之间的电性作用。
区别
【离子键

离子键是由电子转移(失去电子者为阳离子,获得电子者为阴离子)形成的。即正离子和负离子之间由于静电引力所形成的化学键。离子既可以是单离子,如Na+、CL-;也可以由原子团形成;如SO4
2-,NO3-等。
离子键的作用力强,无饱和性,无方向性。离子键形成的矿物总是以离子晶体的形式存在。
【共价键】
共价键的形成是相邻两个原子之间自旋方向相反的电子相互配对,此时原子轨道相互重叠,两核间的电子云密度相对地增大,从而增加对两核的引力。共价键的作用力很强,有饱和性与方向性。因为只有自旋方向相反的电子才能配对成键,所以共价键有饱和性;另外,原子轨道互相重叠时,必须满足对称条件和最大重叠条件,所以共价键有方向性。共价键又可分为三种:
1、非极性共价键
形成共价键的电子云正好位于键合的两个原子正中间,如金刚石的C—C键。
2、极性共价键
形成共价键的电子云偏于对电子引力较大的一个原子,如Pb—S
键,电子云偏于S一侧,可表示为Pb→S。
3、配价键
共享的电子对只有一个原子单独提供。如Zn—S键,共享的电子对由锌提供。

回答2:

共价键是化学键的一种,两个或多个原子共同使用它们的外层电子,在理想情况下达到电子饱和的状态,由此组成比较稳定和坚固的化学结构叫做共价键
如co2是通过共价键结合的
离子键是由电子转移(失去电子者为阳离子,获得电子者为阴离子)形成的。即正离子和负离子之间由于静电引力所形成的化学键。离子既可以是单离子,如na+、cl-;也可以由原子团形成;如so4
2-,no3-等。
配位键
定义:由一个原子提供一对e,另一个原子只提供容纳这2个e的空轨道,e在两个原子之间共用。
是一种较为特殊的共价键。

nh4+中含有配位键

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