推荐回答(2个)
大概是明清时期的
不同时代有不同的审美标准、生活习惯及技术条件,制约着不同时代陶器的造型。因此,弄清陶器器型产生、发展、演变和消失的历史,则为古陶器的鉴定提供了可靠的基础。例如,新石器时代和商周时期鬲十分流行,到了汉代鬲则无影无踪。陶鼎和陶钟等仿铜陶器,流行于战国和两汉,到魏晋以后就彻底绝迹了。又如仰韶文化多见平底器,缺乏袋足器、三足器和圈足器,龙山文化恰恰与仰韶文化相反,器型多为三足器、圈足器、袋足器,平底或圆底的盆、钵极为少见。除了掌握每个时代器型产生、发展、演变、消亡的历史和地区特有的器型外,还要对每件陶器的口沿、腹部、肩部、颈部、底部和柄、耳、系、流、足、钮、鋬、鼻等细部特征进行仔细对比研究。掌握了器型,再结合胎质、花纹、款识、制作工艺方面的特征进行鉴定,在断代和辨伪时就不致失之千里。因此,形成准确的器型概念,善于体察各时代器型的不同风貌非常重要。
2.图案花纹
陶器上的纹饰,无论题材内容和表现手法与瓷器、玉器、古砚上的纹饰一样,都强烈地反映着当时人们的审美观念和情趣,都有鲜明的时代风格和特点,都可以成为我们鉴定陶器时的参考因素。如商代早、中、晚期的陶器在图案花纹上都有比较明显的区别。商代早期陶器多见细绳纹,少见饕餮纹;中期则饕餮纹十分盛行;晚期饕餮纹非常罕见,绳纹又重新兴起,但比商周早期的粗。西周早期的绳纹与商代晚期不同,成组的竖形粗绳纹增多;中期除了绳纹外,又出现了瓦纹(即凹沟纹);晚期素面增多,绳纹较粗,且模糊不清。
3.胎质
陶器和瓷器一样,都非常重视胎质的研究。分析胎色、胎质的掺和料也是鉴定陶器的方法之一。道理很简单,一些器物尽管在外形、纹饰上比较相似,但一对比陶胳,就能找出差异。如商代白陶的胎质和器表里均呈白色,洁白细腻,质地坚硬。灰陶从胎色上看,中期的陶器有黑皮泥质陶,早期和晚期不见黑皮陶。西周胎质以泥质和夹砂灰陶为主,亦有少量的夹砂红陶、泥质红陶和泥质黑陶。春秋前期的陶器以泥质灰陶为主,但陶质与西周相比较为细腻;后期以泥质和夹砂灰陶为主,但陶质比较粗疏。不看其它的条件,仅从胎质上即可分出商代、西周和春秋前后期的陶器的时代性。
4、辨色
陶器要仔细观察表面的颜色,各个时代因颜料用法不同,陶器的颜色也不一样。据有实践经验的人讲,秦以前陶器以灰色为多,汉代以青色为多,隋以后陶器以白色、绿色为多,元代以灰黑为多,现代陶器以蓝色为多。
5.辨锈
真正的古陶器,土锈与原物粘得很牢,用刀子刮也不容易脱落。伪制的古陶器土锈粘合得不紧,用指甲也能刮得下来。因此,辨别陶器表面的土锈、水锈、土蚀等程度,也是鉴定陶器真伪的一个重要途径。
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