设施葡萄连年丰产有哪些关键技术?

2025-03-26 22:11:50
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

(1)充分利用自然光照资源

①设施建造。选择冬、春季自然光照资源丰富的地区建园,建造采光合理的设施,采用透光性能良好的覆盖材料如EVA膜,并经常清扫。

②环境调控。正确揭盖保温被等保温覆盖材料,使用卷帘机等机械设备以尽量延长光照时间;于适宜时间挂铺反光膜,以增加散射光;尽早揭除棚膜,使葡萄尽早接受自然光照;对于非耐弱光品种揭膜,或结合避雨利用卷膜器卷膜。

(2)栽培措施

采用采光效果良好的行向,南北行有利于均匀采光。采用高光效树形和叶幕形。高光效树形有单层水平形、单层水平龙干形。高光效叶幕形有短小直立叶幕、V形叶幕、水平叶幕、“V+1”形叶幕、“半V+1”形叶幕。

(3)更新修剪

①重短截更新。可选用完全重短截或选择性重短截:前者可逼迫其基部冬芽萌发新梢,培养为翌年的结果母枝;后者适用于过于密闭的叶幕。

②平茬更新。对于树势衰弱、年龄稍老的葡萄园采用。

(4)二氧化碳施肥

设施条件下,由于保温需要,常使葡萄处于密闭环境,通风换气受到限制,造成设施内CO2浓度过低,影响光合作用,进而影响花芽分化。天气晴朗时,一般从上午9时开始,设施内CO2浓度明显低于设施外,使葡萄处于CO2饥饿状态,因此CO2施肥对于葡萄设施栽培而言非常重要。当设施内CO2浓度达室外浓度(300 毫克/升)的2~3倍时,光合速率提高2倍以上,在弱光条件下效果明显。

(5)高效肥水利用

①施肥。与露地相比,设施栽培葡萄具有自身特点。植株蒸腾作用弱,肥料吸收利用速率慢,容易出现缺素症;叶片大而薄、叶片质量差、光呼吸作用强、光合作用弱、光呼吸速率与光合速率比例高。因此,设施葡萄施肥应该把握如下原则:重视萌芽肥(氮为主),追好膨果肥(氮、磷、钾合理搭配),巧施着色肥(钾为主),强化叶面肥(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硼、铁、锌、硒等)。施肥量要根据土壤状况、植株生长指标的需求来确定。

②水分利用。设施葡萄整个生长发育期除萌芽水、更新水(针对平茬更新和完全重短截更新)和封冻水浇透水外,其余时间浇水均可采取隔行交替灌溉或根系分区交替灌溉的灌水方式。采用滴灌等节水灌溉方法,可显著促进新梢冬芽的花芽分化,利于形成高质量的花芽,培育良好的结果母枝。

(6)合理负载

果实负载量多少与翌年结果母枝的培育关系很大。如果当年果实负载量过高,则新梢合成养分主要供应果实发育,芽体得不到充足的养分,花芽分化受阻,使翌年结果母枝质量差,严重影响翌年产量。设施葡萄促早栽培连年丰产要求,早熟品种亩产量一般不宜超过2000千克,晚熟品种亩产量一般不宜超过3000千克。

(7)叶片保护

叶片保护工作对于培育优良结果母枝而言至关重要,主要通过强化叶面喷肥、提高叶片质量和病虫害防治以保护好叶片。

棚膜揭除的方法对于叶片保护而言也很重要。揭除棚膜时一定要逐渐揭除,使叶片逐渐适应自然条件,减轻自然强光对叶片造成的光氧化,减缓叶片衰老。副梢叶片的利用对于增强揭棚后树体的光合作用至关重要,揭棚后将衰老严重的老叶摘除,主要利用副梢叶进行光合作用制造营养。棚膜揭除过急造成叶片严重光氧化,基本失去光合效能。

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