推荐回答(5个)
台风的成因,至今仍无法十分确定,但已知它是由热带
大气内的扰动发展而来的。在热带海洋上,海面因受太阳直
射而使海水温度升高,海水容易蒸发成水汽散布在空中,故
热带海洋上的空气温度高、湿度大,这种空气因温度高而膨
胀,致使密度减小,质量减轻,而赤道附近风力微弱,所以
很容易上升,发生对流作用,同时周围之较冷空气流入补充
,然后再上升,如此循环不已,终必使整个气柱皆为温度较
高、重量较轻、密度较小之空气,这就形成了所谓的「热带
低压」。然而空气之流动是自高气压流向低气压,就好像是
水从高处流向低处一样,四周气压较高处的空气必向气压较
低处流动,而形成「风」。在夏季,因为太阳直射区域由赤
道向北移,致使南半球之东南信风越过赤道转向成西南季风
侵入北半球,和原来北半球的东北信风相遇,更迫挤此空气
上升,增加对流作用,再因西南季风和东北信风方向不同,
相遇时常造成波动和旋涡。这种西南季风和东北信风相遇所
造成的辐合作用,和原来的对流作用继续不断,使已形成为
低气压的旋涡继续加深,也就是使四周空气加快向旋涡中心
流,流入愈快时,其风速就愈大;当近地面最大风速到达或
超过每秒17.2公尺时,我们就称它为台风。
台风是范围很大的一团旋转的空气,中心气压很低,四周围的空气绕着它的中心以反时针方向快速地旋转。低层空气边旋转边向低压中心流动,空气流动速度越快,风速也越大。
在台风中心平均直径约为40公里的圆面积内,通常称为台风眼。由于台风眼外围的空气旋转得太厉害,在离心力的作用下,外面的空气不易进入到台风的中心区内,因此台风眼区就像由云墙包围的孤立的管子。它里面的空气几乎是不旋转的,风很微弱。
台风眼区外的空气,向低压中心旋进,它们挟带着大量的水蒸气,由于不易进入眼区,而在其外围上升,形成大片灰黑色臃肿高耸的云层,下着倾盆般的暴雨。而台风眼区内出现了下沉气流,因而云消雨散,夜间还能看到闪烁的星星。正如今年第5号台风威马逊的卫星图像所表现的那样,由于台风眼中一般是晴到少云天气,因而在卫星云图上呈黑色小圆点状。但台风眼移过后,天气将重新变得极为恶劣。
在台风眼中,常出现许多鸟群。这些被台风气流吹到台风眼区的无数海鸟找到了“避风港”,有时随着台风的移动而飞到很远的地方。
台风眼内虽是好天气,但海上的浪潮却非常汹涌。这是因为台风中心的气压,和它四周比起来降得特别低的缘故。因此在台风中心登陆的地方,往往引起很高的浪潮,造成很大的损害
台风时由于热带海面受太阳直射而使海水温度升高,海水蒸发提供了充足的水汽。而水汽在抬升中发生凝结,释放大量潜热,促使对流运动的进一步发展,令海平面处气压下降,造成周围的暖湿空气流入补充,然后再抬升。如此循环,形成正反馈,即第二类条件不稳定(CISK)机制。在条件合适的广阔海面上,循环的影响范围将不断扩大,可达数百至上千公里。
(简单的说:你看高压锅,因为受热,水分蒸发,产生气流,当汇聚到一定能量后,由于地球自转而促成大气层流动,遂成台风。)
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