推荐回答(2个)
背景:西汉后期,朝廷的赋税劳役日益严重,统治阶级“多畜奴婢,田宅无限”,奢侈挥霍,弄得民穷国虚,土地兼并和奴婢、流民的数量恶性膨胀,成为当时严重的社会问题,阶级矛盾和统治阶级内部矛盾日趋尖锐,各地起义不断。王莽登基后,意图通过改制来缓和社会矛盾,从而树立自己的威信,巩固自己的统治。 内容:(1)“更名天下田曰王田”,私人不得买卖,用恢复井田制的办法来解决土地问题。 (2)改奴婢为“私属”,亦不得买卖。 (3)实行“五均六莞”,即在国都长安及五大城市设立五均官,政府管理五均赊贷及管理物价,征收商税,由政府经营盐、铁、酒、铸钱和征收山泽税。 (4)改革币制。 (5)改革中央机构,调整郡、县划分,改易官名、地名 (6)改变少数民族族名和首领的封号。 意义:王莽改制的失败,固然有其历史的必然性,但他性情狂躁、轻于改作,一味慕古、不切实际,刚愎自用、所用非人,这些性格特征使他在改制中既不能根据实际情况调整政策,又不能建立一个高效率、有威信的推行新政的领导班子,因此改革注定要失败。 同时也有相应的进步意义: 1、王田制体现了儒家均平的社会理想,对后世均田制的创设有积极影响. 王田制是后世均田制的前身,均田制于485年推行,实行到8世纪,是中国封建社会时期重要的土地制度。 2、王莽的币制改革具有先进性和科学性,他连续不断地改进货币系列,最后形成完备、齐全的货币递级。直到今天,世界各国(包括中国)都在使用。 王莽的货币思想与现代货币制度十分接近。他在两千年前就实施了“虚值钱币”制度,这种“虚值”依靠国家政权予以保证,以法定形式强行流通,以国家掌握的财政、物资为后盾,根据社会生产力的升降,通过调节货币发行量来控制物价,是一种先进的科学的货币制度。虚值货币的好处在于方便民间使用货币,促进农业、商业发展,是国家筹集资金的重要手段。借发行虚值货币,可提前从民间借集到大量资金。有人把这个问题看做是王莽向民间攫取大量资金行为。实际上直到今天,还被世界各国作为筹集资金的重要手段在使用,是一项了不起的发明。当然,虚值货币的发行量如果控制不当,会导致严重的通货膨胀。 3、五均六体现了王莽财政管理上的创造性 从理论上讲,王莽的“五均赊贷”政策不仅具有一定的系统性,而且已具备了相当的组织宏观经济的科学性,至少在“五均赊贷”政策中贯穿着“成本”的观念和稳定经济的思想。首先王莽实施该政策目的是“抑兼并,齐众庶”“强者不得困弱,富者不得要贫,则公家有余,恩及小民矣”,其意在于改善平民处境,稳定社会秩序。五均是政府对工商业经营与物价的统制与管理,是我国历史上的创举,也是王莽对武帝时平抑物价的发展和补充。市平的确定方法说明王莽已懂得从市场的客观过程中去寻找平价的根据,并非主观臆测,使其在一定时期内保持稳定性,而又按月自动调整,也说明王莽粗浅地认识了价格体系的理论。这一政策的实施并非与民争利,夺民生计。在商品管理过程中,物价高过市平,则按市平出售,低于市平则任其出售。同时若市场价格超过标准价格,则由政府强行收购再行抛售。这一政策的实施抑制了富商囤积居奇,打击富商豪强势力,稳定了物价。王莽这一思想并非完全抄袭古人,而是以前人理论结合现实条件发展的结果
王莽对当时现实的意识形态不满,想回归原教旨主义的儒家/儒教。太天真。
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