星座的名字是怎么来的?

2025-01-23 10:42:32
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

天文学是高深而典雅的科学,古代不少大学者无不通晓天文学,在封建社会,一些不学无术的达官贵人和纨绔子弟,为了附庸风雅,也常把天文故事当作茶余饭后的谈话资料。沙皇时代就有这样一个贵族,曾专门写信到著名的普耳科沃天文台,自作诙谐地说:“你们大约没有忘记每天晚上去给‘大熊’喂食吧……”

天上真有大熊吗?说来话长。似乎对满天闪烁的星星,现在的青少年可能以为,星空与现代的生产和生活已没有什么直接联系了。但你可想到过,在人类茹毛饮血的蒙昧时代,日月星辰曾是“最先进”的仪器。它可以告诉人们季节时令,可以为人类指点方向。因此早在文字发明之前,我们祖先便与星空频频打交道了。

古代,不同地区、不同民族发挥自己丰富的想象力,按照自己的意愿,把满天繁星划分成一个个区域,构思出一个个图案,并给它们取上了各种名字。我国封建社会持续了两千多年,所以天庭也俨然是个等级森严的封建仙家皇朝。在全天的三垣二十八宿中,从天帝、太子到诸侯、少宰、次相、将军,应有尽有,仅有少数恒星保留着与农事有关的名字,如箕、斗、斛、杵、臼等。

另一文明古国巴比伦则把星星划分为一个个星座。传到希腊后,星座系统逐渐完备,并与希腊神话挂上了钩,于是天上出现了许多珍禽异兽和神话英雄,使星空更富情趣和魅力。

为了比较系统地、科学地研究星空,进行学术交流,国际天文学联合会于1928年作了统一规定:按照天上的“经线”“纬线”(称赤经、赤纬)把全天分成大小不等的88个星座,其名称则照顾历史习惯而予以保留。所以,除了那些位于南天很南的星座因直到近代才为人研究,故有“显微镜”、“时钟”、“卿筒”等现代器具的名称外,多数仍是动物或神话人物。

说来也巧,在88个星座中,44个是动物,恰恰占50%,如果加上牧夫、猎户、蛇夫等与动物有些瓜葛的,则比例将高达2/3。由此可见,天上不仅有大熊、小熊,还有人间没有的凤凰和麒麟,真是一个规模不小的“动物园”。在这个动物园中,有20种哺乳动物(猎犬、海豚等),8种飞鸟(孔雀、天鸽等),5种爬行类(巨蛇、长蛇等),4种鱼类(飞鱼、剑鱼等),2种昆虫(苍蝇等),此外,还有5种神话中的动物(天龙、人马、凤凰等)。

天上划分星座就不再是杂乱无章的,人们可对星座中的可见恒星一一排队,并进行统计,因此可见的恒星数也可按每个星座中所包含的恒星数来统计,就像我国人口总数可由32个省、市、自治区的人口之和求得一样。用这种方法所得的结果也是7千左右。

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