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电视摄像艺术有两大类表现手段:技术手段和艺术手段。摄像技术表现手段:包括摄录机、光学镜头、运动摄像工具、照明设备、曝光控制、滤光镜、录像磁带等等。 摄像艺术表现手段:和电影摄影艺术表现手段基本相同,就电影、电视所使用的技术手段和工艺加工过程而言,两者确有明显的区别,前者用胶片和摄影机记录影象,后者用磁性材料和摄录机记录影象;但从艺术表现语言看,又有许多相似之处。电影、电视作为现代化的科技文化,都是由视听两个基本元素构成的综合艺术。无论是电影摄影或电视摄像,都是把客观景物转变成可视的影像(图像),升华为具有审美价值的艺术形象。因此它们在造型语言和表现方法上是相通的。电视摄像在表现被摄景物时,使用的艺术表现手段主要有光线、色彩、光学镜头、运动摄影和画面构图等。
光线手段完成的任务有三:(1)照明被摄对象,完成摄像曝光任务。光是摄像的物质基础,没有光就没有摄像;(2)完成对被摄对象的造型表现:表现对象的立体形态、空间形态、质感、轮廓和色彩,突出主体形象,表现时间概念等;(3)刻画剧中人物的性格、揭示人物命运以及描绘环境气氛,并用各种光效表现剧中人和摄影、摄像师的情感。
色彩手段,指摄影、摄像师对画面的色调处理,色彩配置。色彩和光线一样也是摄影、摄像师的重要的表现元素。电视画面色调有时要求客观再现,有时还要渗透摄影师的主观意识,发挥色彩的表情作用。比如阴暗的冷色调往往和压抑、忧愁、痛苦和悲哀相联系在一起;而温暖的亮色调往往和兴奋、欢乐、喜庆和幸福相联系。摄影、摄像师可以利用不同的色调,来表现不同的人物情绪和环境气氛。
光学手段,指摄影、摄像师对光学镜头的运用。在摄像艺术中光学镜头不只是聚焦成像的技术工具,它还是一个重要的造型手段。不同焦距的镜头,不同景深,具有不同的造型特性,利用这些不同的造型特性,可以完成不同的创作任务。比如长焦距镜头具有景深小、压缩空间、影像大等特性,可以利用它进行远距离拍摄和偷拍,可以得到虚化环境突出主体的画面效果,也可以获得一种拥挤、堵塞的艺术效果。短焦距(广角)镜头有夸张、变形的性能,摄影、摄像师有时用来丑化反 面人物或强化环境的辽阔。
运动手段,指摄影、摄像机在运动中拍摄景物,创造特定的视觉效果,运动摄影最突出的特点就是可以在一个镜头画面里,连续不断地改变场景,改变角度,改变景别,从而形成多构图的画面效果。它往往能把观众带入剧情里,产生身临其境的感觉。
构图表现手段,就是在镜头画面里对被摄体进行有意识地安排和布局,处理好主体和陪体、背景的和谐关系,并通过取景,使被摄景物形成优美形式感的画面。从而更准确、鲜明、生动的叙事,给观众以美的视觉享受。影视摄影在这方面有的与图片摄影的构图是相同的,如拍摄远景、全景和固定画面等;但也有自己的特殊的处理手法。以上四大手段和构图将分章节重点叙述
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