推荐回答(4个)
葡萄枯萎病对葡萄树的危害被认为是葡萄栽培中比较严重的病害之一。茄枯病导致葡萄枝条枯萎死亡,树体生长衰退,发芽延迟,芽不均匀。有发生茄枯病的葡萄园,这种病害蔓延后,葡萄园30% ~ 50%的葡萄树枯萎死亡,可见其危险性相当大。
葡萄枝枯病只能对个别葡萄园造成严重危害,但在葡萄种植生产中也要认真预防这种病害,早期发现,避免枝枯病扩大,威胁整个葡萄园,造成重大经济损失。下面介绍葡萄枝枯病的来源、枝枯病的症状、枝枯病的医院、枝枯病的发生规则和预防措施,希望对葡萄种植者有帮助。
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葡萄枝枯病最早发生在日本栃木县,日本栃木县葡萄园种植的巨峰葡萄大面积枯萎死亡。在随后的几年里,巴西、阿根廷、澳大利亚、新西兰、墨西哥、美国、加拿大、意大利、英国、法国、葡萄芽等地接连发生葡萄枯萎病,导致当地葡萄园的葡萄树严重枯萎死亡。
在我国台湾省葡萄园种植的新鲜葡萄和酿酒葡萄都染上了茄枯病,相当于这些葡萄园的葡萄植物大面积枯萎死亡。大陆上的葡萄枯萎病被发现,发生在云南,当时有数十亩葡萄树枯萎死亡。在随后的几年里,枯萎病蔓延到全国各地的葡萄园。到目前为止,新疆、宁夏、山东、江苏、浙江、重庆、四川、贵州、河南、河北、湖南、广西、广东、海南、台湾等地的葡萄园发生了葡萄枯萎病现象。
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葡萄生产中,茄枯病会危害葡萄枝、叶、根、穗轴和粒。早春葡萄树感染枝枯病后不能正常发芽,即使发芽,长出来的芽也很快就会枯萎死亡。下面分别介绍葡萄枝、嫩枝、叶、根、穗轴、颗粒感染枝枯病后的症状。
葡萄枝感染病菌前,枝上出现黑棕色或深色的不规则斑点,被枝枯病感染的枝树部位出现棕色的不规则水渍。随着病菌的传播,发病部扩大到黑棕色的凹陷纺锤形或椭圆形斑点,这些斑点上贴着小黑点,这些小黑点就是茄枯病的分生孢子。感染的茄子后期有纵热现象,纵热中的韧皮可以看到明显的暗褐色斑点,剥下韧皮可以看到内部的维管被破坏成褐色。
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葡萄幼枝感染吉玛病后,幼枝末端先枯萎死亡,随着病菌的传播,整个幼枝枯萎死亡。葡萄叶感染枝枯病症状:葡萄叶感染枝枯病后,叶发部呈棕色源型斑,该斑直径约1.2厘米,随着病菌的扩散,每片叶出现多个病斑共同形成的形状不同的大病斑,病叶也枯萎脱落。
葡萄枝发现枯病,那是枝条内部的钻心虫搞得怪,是葡萄透翅羽的幼虫,咬食髓心,使葡萄干枯萎死亡。可以用药来消灭它。
葡萄枝蔓被病菌感染初期,枝蔓上呈现黑褐色或者暗色的不规则斑点,被枝枯病菌侵染的枝蔓木质部位上会呈现褐色的不规则水渍状病斑,随着病菌的蔓延,发病部会扩大成黑褐色的凹陷纺锤形或者椭圆形病斑,葡萄园在秋季修剪时,将葡萄树上的病枝、枯枝、病叶、枯叶、病残穗轴、果粒等彻底剪除,将剪除下来的病枝、枯枝、病叶、枯叶、病残穗轴、果粒清扫干净,并带离葡萄园集中烧毁或者深埋。葡萄树休眠期用5波美度的石硫合剂喷雾葡萄树及地面2~3次,每7天喷雾一次。
葡萄枝枯病当年枝条染病多见于叶痕处,病部呈暗褐色至黑色,向枝条深处扩展,直到髓部,致病枝枯死。邻近健组织仍可生长,则形成不规则瘤状物,因此又称“肿瘤病”,染病枝条节间短缩,叶片变小。
如何防治:1.及时检查枝蔓,发现病部后,轻者用刀刮除病斑,重者剪掉或锯除,伤口用 波美5度石硫合剂或45%晶体石硫合剂30倍液消毒。2.加强葡萄园管理,增施有机肥,疏松或改良土壤,雨后及时排水。注意防冻。3.可结合防治葡萄其他病害,在发芽前喷一次80%五氯酚钠200~300倍液 波美5度石硫合剂。在5~6月及时喷射l:0.7:200倍式波尔多液2~3次或77%可杀得可湿性微粒粉剂500倍液、50%琥胶肥酸铜(DT杀菌剂)可湿性粉剂 500倍液、14%络氨铜水剂350倍液。
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