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和一般民事合同一样,交通事故赔偿协议也可能出现部分无效、效力待定或可撤销的情况。 协议无效的情形 按照《合同法》第五十二条的规定,有下列情形之一的,协议应为无效: 1、一方以欺诈胁迫手段订立合同,损害国家利益的; 2、恶意串通损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的; 3、以合法形式掩盖非法目的的; 4、损害社会公共利益的;5、违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的。 在道路交通事故人身损害赔偿纠纷案件中,当事人争议最多的是赔偿协议是否部分无效或可撤销。 按照《合同法》第五十条的规定,因重大误解订立协议的、在订立协议时显失公平的,或者一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危,使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的协议,受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销。实践中,尤以重大误解和显失公平要求重新获赔之案件为多。“重大误解”是从意思表示角度说的,即在协议签订时当事人因某种原因对事态的判断出现失误,在抱有重大误解的心态下签订协议,并非其真实意思表示。而“显失公平”主要是从损害后果角度讲的。也就是说,被侵害的当事人的实际损失远远超过预期损失,并且这种利益差超过了法律允许的限度时,其可以“显失公平”为由申请法院撤销该赔偿协议。判断是否属显失公平应考虑主观和客观两个方面,不仅要看签订合同时受害方是否因缺乏经验、技能等,对行为的内容缺乏正当认识能力,还要看协议是否造成实际损失和预期损失的巨大差异。如果损失差距不大,或者当事人订约时对自己的行为及后果就应有清楚的认识,则不能请求撤销或变更协议;反之,则可请求撤销或变更协议。 对道路交通事故赔偿协议的处理,可从以下几个角度考虑: 一看协议签订时是否将可能出现残疾的因素考虑在内。 遭受交通事故并造成身体损害后果,可能构成伤残,应当为交通事故赔偿协议考虑的内容,除非受害人当时伤情显著轻微,比如:伤势无需治疗,或治疗中医生也告知轻微受损,医疗费花费极少等。如果当事人在公安机关主持调解时,已将受害方的可能出现残疾的因素考虑在内并就今后问题也一并解决的,受害方的诉讼请求就不应得到保护;反之,受害方的诉讼请求就应得到保护。 二看协议约定的赔偿款中是否已从某个角度考虑了将来可能出现新伤情的因素。 道路交通事故发生后,有些侵害人为了避免以后和受害人再发生赔偿纠纷,往往会在签订赔偿协议时放宽赔偿标准,或者另行给付一次性后续赔偿款,以求“今后无涉”。在这种情况下签订的调解协议,也应当认为受害人已对今后发生任何事情有充分考虑,并愿意接受今后可能发现新伤情得不到另外赔偿的风险。该种协议签订时虽然存在“风险和利益”并存的情况,但当事人一旦达成合意,在任何情况下都不得反悔;反之,赔偿协议所遗漏的项目仍应赔偿。 三看协议签订者是否确实存在经验和技能严重缺乏。 如要构成显失公平,签订人必须在主客观方面都有缺憾,也即不能仅仅从协议获赔款和实际应赔款之差异来确定,还要考量签订人是否确实存在经验和技能上的缺陷。这可以从当事人的认知程度、职业技能,以及是否被误导、利用等方面判断。
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