推荐回答(2个)
清代最好的植物学图谱也是最好的植物学著作,是吴其濬的《植物名实图考》。吴其濬(1789~1847)字瀹斋,别号雩娄农,河南固始人。29岁时考中状元,后来当过不少省区的总督、巡抚,到过全国十几个省区。他是一个有才华、有学识,对植物学有浓厚兴趣的人。每到一地,他总是兴趣盎然地收集各种植物标本,及时加以记录和绘图。有时还将采集所得植物栽种下来,以便观察。他注意向民间人士了解情况,花过大量时间查阅各种古今文献,摘录有关植物记述的资料。经过长期的努力,终于编成植物学巨著——《植物名实图考》。
《植物名实图考》是吴其濬根据自己的收集、观察,并参考历史文献写成的。全书记载植物1714种,每种植物都配有插图。其分类编排主要依《本草纲目》的方式分为谷类52种;蔬类176种;山草类201种;隰草类284种;石草类98种;水草类37种;蔓草类235种;毒草类44种;芳草类71种;群芳类142种;果类102种;木类272种。其中群芳为《本草纲目》分类所无,可能得自《本草纲目拾遗》的启发。这部著作的最大特点是它的纯学术性,开始摆脱单纯为实用而编写的窠臼。
《植物名实图考》全面地记载了每种植物的文献渊源,以及它们的别名、产地、形状、习性、用途等,受《救荒本草》的影响,该书一般不注重传统本草书所注意的生长时令、采收季节。对于前人的描述不确或有错误的地方,作者就加以纠正。一些植物作者未能找出更好的资料加以论证的,就采用前人较好的图文。因而可以说《植物名实图考》是对古代植物学的空前总结和发展。
吴其濬的著作受苏颂的《图经本草》、朱的《救荒本草》的影响和启示非常明显。他们编书旨趣的共同点都是突出图鉴的作用,以帮助人们更好地认识和利用植物资源。只不过《图经本草》是一般的本草图谱,它除植物外,还有动物、矿物等;《救荒本草》是偏重野生可食植物的图谱,可视为应用植物学图谱;而《植物名实图考》是眼界更为开阔的普通植物学图谱。它们都是古代植物学发展史上的重要著作。显示着本草学经过长期的发展后向应用植物学和植物学发展的过程。
《植物名实图考》是我国古典植物学发展的高峰。其插图除部分是取自《救荒本草》外,基本上都是依据实物绘制的,一般都比较准确可据,曾得到国内外学者的高度赞扬。俄国植物学家贝勒(E.Bretschneider)在其《中国植物学文献评论》一书中,对吴其濬的著作有较高的评价。说书中的插图非常精确,其精确者往往可藉以鉴定科目,强调欧美研究中国植物的学者应该阅读这部著作。1919年,商务印书馆铅排这部著作时,西欧学者竞相购买此书。日本在明治年间也曾刊印过这部著作。日本近代植物学家在编写《日本植物图鉴》时,也参考过这本书。直到今日,《植物名实图考》仍是我国植物学者重要参考书。
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