如何使用LVM卷管理Linux系统中的磁盘

2024-11-13 16:53:47
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

LVM逻辑卷管理器是对Linux系统中对存储资源进行管理的一种机制,部署LVM逻辑卷管理器需要依次对对物理卷、卷组和逻辑卷的逐个配置,常见的命令分别包括有:
功能/命令 物理卷管理 卷组管理 逻辑卷管理
扫描 pvscan vgscan lvscan
建立 pvcreate vgcreate lvcreate
显示 pvdisplay vgdisplay lvdisplay
删除 pvremove vgremove lvremove
扩展 vgextend lvextend

为避免实验之间互相冲突,请您自行还原虚拟机到最初始状态,并在虚拟机中添加两块新硬盘设备后开机,如图7-7所示:

图7-7 在虚拟机中添加一块新的硬盘设备
在虚拟机中添加两块新硬盘设备的目的是为了更好的向同学们演示LVM逻辑卷管理器对于让用户无需关心底层物理硬盘设备的特性,咱们将会对这两块新的硬盘先进行创建物理卷操作,可以简单理解成让硬盘设备支持了LVM技术,然后将两块硬盘进行卷组合并,卷组的名称可以由您来自定义,接下来是将合并后的卷组根据需求再切割出一个约为150M的逻辑卷设备,最后将这个逻辑卷设备格式化成XFS文件系统后挂载使用。现在知道大致的流程后就可以,刘遄老师还会对下面每一个步骤再做一些简单的描述。
第1步:让新添加的两块硬盘设备支持LVM逻辑卷管理器技术:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created

第2步:将两块硬盘设备都加入到storage卷组中,然后查看下卷组的状态:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# vgcreate storage /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
Volume group "storage" successfully created
[root@linuxprobe ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name storage
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 39.99 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 10238
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 10238 / 39.99 GiB
VG UUID KUeAMF-qMLh-XjQy-ArUo-LCQI-YF0o-pScxm1
………………省略部分输出信息………………

第3步:切割出一个约为150M的逻辑卷设备:
同学们需要注意下切割单位的问题,在LVM逻辑卷管理器对LV逻辑卷的切割上面有两种计量单位,第一种是常见以-L参数来以容量单位为对象,例如使用-L 150M来生成一个大小为150M的逻辑卷,还可以使用-l参数来指定要使用PE基本单元的个数,默认每个PE的大小为4M,因此允许使用-l 37来生成一个大小为37*4M=148M的逻辑卷:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# lvcreate -n vo -l 37 storage
Logical volume "vo" created
[root@linuxprobe ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/storage/vo
LV Name vo
VG Name storage
LV UUID D09HYI-BHBl-iXGr-X2n4-HEzo-FAQH-HRcM2I
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2017-02-01 01:22:54 -0500
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 148.00 MiB
Current LE 37
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2
………………省略部分输出信息………………

第4步:将生成好的逻辑卷格式化后挂载使用:
Linux系统会把LVM逻辑卷管理器中的逻辑卷设备存放在/dev设备目录中(实际上是做了一个符号链接,但读者们无需关心),同时会以卷组的名称来建立一个目录,其中保存有逻辑卷的设备映射文件。
[root@linuxprobe ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/storage/vo
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
38000 inodes, 151552 blocks
7577 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=33816576
19 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2000 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@linuxprobe ~]# mkdir /linuxprobe
[root@linuxprobe ~]# mount /dev/storage/vo /linuxprobe

第5步:查看挂载状态,并写入到配置文件永久生效:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 18G 3.0G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 905M 0 905M 0% /dev
tmpfs 914M 140K 914M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 914M 8.8M 905M 1% /run
tmpfs 914M 0 914M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/cdrom
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
/dev/mapper/storage-vo 145M 7.6M 138M 6% /linuxprobe
[root@linuxprobe ~]# echo "/dev/storage/vo /linuxprobe ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab

7.2.2 扩容逻辑卷
虽然咱们的卷组是由两块硬盘设备共同组成的,但用户使用存储资源时感知不到底层硬盘的结构,也不用关心底层是由多少块硬盘组成的,只要卷组中的资源足够就可以一直为逻辑卷扩容,扩展前请一定要记得卸载设备和挂载点的关联。
[root@linuxprobe ~]# umount /linuxprobe

第1步:将上个实验中的逻辑卷vo扩展至290M:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# lvextend -L 290M /dev/storage/vo
Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 292.00 MiB
Extending logical volume vo to 292.00 MiB
Logical volume vo successfully resized

第2步:检查磁盘完整性,重置硬盘容量:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/storage/vo
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/storage/vo: 11/38000 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 10453/151552 blocks
[root@linuxprobe ~]# resize2fs /dev/storage/vo
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/storage/vo to 299008 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/storage/vo is now 299008 blocks long.

第3步:重新挂载硬盘设备并查看挂载状态:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# mount -a
[root@linuxprobe ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 18G 3.0G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev
tmpfs 994M 80K 994M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 994M 8.8M 986M 1% /run
tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/cdrom
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
/dev/mapper/storage-vo 279M 2.1M 259M 1% /linuxprobe

7.2.3 缩小逻辑卷
相比于扩容逻辑卷来讲,对逻辑卷的缩小操作存在着更高丢失数据的风险,所以在生产环境中同学们一定要留心记得提前备份好数据,另外Linux系统规定对LVM逻辑卷的缩小操作需要先检查文件系统的完整性,当然这也是在保证咱们的数据安全,操作前记得先把文件系统卸载掉:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# umount /linuxprobe

第1步:检查文件系统的完整性:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/storage/vo
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/storage/vo: 11/74000 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 15507/299008 blocks

第2步:将LV逻辑卷的容量减小到120M:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# resize2fs /dev/storage/vo 120M
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/storage/vo to 122880 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/storage/vo is now 122880 blocks long.
[root@linuxprobe ~]# lvreduce -L 120M /dev/storage/vo
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 120.00 MiB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce vo? [y/n]: y
Reducing logical volume vo to 120.00 MiB
Logical volume vo successfully resized

第3步:将文件系统重新挂载并查看系统状态:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# mount -a
[root@linuxprobe ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 18G 3.0G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev
tmpfs 994M 80K 994M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 994M 8.8M 986M 1% /run
tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/cdrom
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
/dev/mapper/storage-vo 113M 1.6M 103M 2% /linuxprobe

7.2.4 逻辑卷快照
除此之外LVM逻辑卷管理器还具备有“快照卷”的功能,这项功能很类似于我们其他软件的还原时间点功能。例如我们可以对某一个LV逻辑卷设备做一次快照,如果今后发现数据被改错了,咱们可以将之前做好的快照卷进行覆盖还原,LVM逻辑卷管理器的快照功能有两项特点,第一是快照卷的大小应该尽量等同于LV逻辑卷的容量,第二是快照功能仅一次有效,一旦被还原后则会被自动立即删除。我们首先应当查看下卷组的信息:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name storage
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 39.99 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 10238
Alloc PE / Size 30 / 120.00 MiB Free PE / Size 10208 / 39.88 GiB
VG UUID CTaHAK-0TQv-Abdb-R83O-RU6V-YYkx-8o2R0e
………………省略部分输出信息………………

通过卷组的输出信息可以很清晰的看到卷组中已用120M,空闲资源有39.88G,接下来咱们在逻辑卷设备所挂载的目录中用重定向写入一个文件吧:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# echo "Welcome to Linuxprobe.com" > /linuxprobe/readme.txt
[root@linuxprobe ~]# ls /linuxprobe
total 14
drwx------. 2 root root 12288 Feb 1 07:18 lost+found
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 26 Feb 1 07:38 readme.txt

第1步:使用-s参数来生成一个快照卷,使用-L参数来指定切割的大小,另外要记得在后面写上这个快照是针对那个逻辑卷做的。
[root@linuxprobe ~]# lvcreate -L 120M -s -n SNAP /dev/storage/vo
Logical volume "SNAP" created
[root@linuxprobe ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/storage/SNAP
LV Name SNAP
VG Name storage
LV UUID BC7WKg-fHoK-Pc7J-yhSd-vD7d-lUnl-TihKlt
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2017-02-01 07:42:31 -0500
LV snapshot status active destination for vo
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 120.00 MiB
Current LE 30
COW-table size 120.00 MiB
COW-table LE 30
Allocated to snapshot 0.01%
Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:3
………………省略部分输出信息………………

第2步:咱们在LV设备卷所挂载的目录中创建一个100M的垃圾文件,这样再来看快照卷的状态就会发现使用率上升了:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/linuxprobe/files count=1 bs=100M
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 3.35432 s, 31.3 MB/s
[root@linuxprobe ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/storage/SNAP
LV Name SNAP
VG Name storage
LV UUID BC7WKg-fHoK-Pc7J-yhSd-vD7d-lUnl-TihKlt
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2017-02-01 07:42:31 -0500
LV snapshot status active destination for vo
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 120.00 MiB
Current LE 30
COW-table size 120.00 MiB
COW-table LE 30
Allocated to snapshot 83.71%
Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:3

第3步:为了校验SNAP快照卷的效果,咱们需要对逻辑卷进行快照合并还原操作,在这之前记得先卸载掉逻辑卷设备与目录的挂载~
[root@linuxprobe ~]# umount /linuxprobe
[root@linuxprobe ~]# lvconvert --merge /dev/storage/SNAP
Merging of volume SNAP started.
vo: Merged: 21.4%
vo: Merged: 100.0%
Merge of snapshot into logical volume vo has finished.
Logical volume "SNAP" successfully removed

第4步:快照卷会被自动删除掉,并且刚刚在逻辑卷设备被快照后再创建出来的100M垃圾文件也被清除了:
[root@linuxprobe ~]# mount -a
[root@linuxprobe ~]# ls /linuxprobe/
lost+found readme.txt

看下《Linux就该这么学》第7章节吧,第7章 使用RAID与LVM磁盘阵列技术

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