推荐回答(1个)
白茅
多年生,具粗壮的长根状茎。秆直立,高30-80厘米,具1-3节,节无毛。叶鞘聚集于秆基,甚长于其节间,质地较厚,老后破碎呈纤维状;叶舌膜质,长约2毫米,紧贴其背部或鞘口具柔毛,分蘖叶片长约20厘米,宽约8毫米,扁平,质地较薄;秆生叶片长1-3厘米,窄线形,通常内卷,顶端渐尖呈刺状,下部渐窄,或具柄,质硬,被有白粉,基部上面具柔毛。圆锥花序稠密,长20厘米,宽达3厘米,小穗长4.5-5(-6)毫米,基盘具长12-16毫米的丝状柔毛;两颖草质及边缘膜质,近相等,具5-9脉,顶端渐尖或稍钝,常具纤毛,脉间疏生长丝状毛,第一外稃卵状披针形,长为颖片的2/3, 透明膜质,无脉,顶端尖或齿裂,第二外稃与其内稃近相等,长约为颖之半,卵圆形,顶端具齿裂及纤毛;雄蕊2枚,花药长3-4毫米;花柱细长,基部多少连合,柱头2,紫黑色,羽状,长约4毫米,自小穗顶端伸出。颖果椭圆形,长约1毫米,胚长为颖果之半。染色体2n=20(Mehra K. L. et al.,1962;Singh. D. N.,1964)。花果期4-6月。
产于辽宁、河北、山西、山东、陕西、新疆等北方地区;生于低山带平原河岸草地、沙质草甸、荒漠与海滨。也分布于非洲北部、土耳其、伊拉克、伊朗、中亚、高加索及地中海区域。
冰草属*——Agropyron Gaertn.
Gaertn. in Nov. Comm. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 14: 539. 1770.
多年生,根外常具砂套,通常不具根茎;秆仅具少数节,直立或基部常呈膝曲状。叶鞘紧密裹茎;叶舌膜质;叶片常内卷。穗状花序顶生,穗轴节间短缩,常密生毛,每节着生1枚小穗,顶生小穗常退化;小穗互相密接而呈覆瓦状,含3-11小花;颖具1-3脉(亦有具5-7脉者),两侧具宽膜质边缘,背部主脉形成明显的脊,先端具艺尖或短芒;外稃具5脉,中脉形成脊,尤以上部更为明显,先端常具芒尖或短芒,基盘明显;内稃略与外稃等长或稍长,先端常2裂;花药长为内稃之半。颖果与稃片粘合而不易脱落。
约15种,大都分布于欧亚大陆温寒带区域之高草原及沙地上;我国现知有5种、4变种及1变型。
冰草 Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.
沙生冰草 Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.
根茎冰草 Agropyron michnoi Roshev.
沙芦草 Agropyron mongolicum Keng
西伯利亚冰草 Agropyron sibiricum (Willd.) Beauv.
慈竹属Neosinocalamus Keng f.
地下茎合轴型。竿单丛,乔木状,但梢端纤细而作弧形下垂;节间圆筒形,长度中等,表面常生有疣基小刺毛,毛落后则留下凹痕及疣基小点;竿环平坦;箨环较显著,在其上下方(或仅在上方)均环生一圈绒毛环,尤以在竿基部各节最为明显;竿芽单生,扁桃形,贴生于节内。箨鞘革质,顶端弧拱至下凹,或呈“山”字形,背部多少被棕色刺毛;箨耳及鞘口繸毛俱缺;箨舌边缘呈流苏状;箨叶三角形至卵状披针形,易外翻,基部宽约为箨鞘顶端的1/3-1/2。竿每节分多枝,丛生呈半轮状,主枝显著或不明显的较粗壮。末级小枝具数叶至多数叶;叶鞘无毛或被毛;叶耳及鞘口繸毛均缺;叶舌截形,边缘呈啮蚀状;叶片的小横脉在下表面微突出乃至不清晰。花枝常不具叶,成束而生,质地柔软,弯曲下垂;假小穗1-4枚生于花枝各节,成熟时棕紫色或古铜色;先出叶有时仅具1脊;苞片2或3,上方1片无腋芽亦无次生假小穗;小穗含3-5朵小花,上方小花渐小而不孕,成熟时小穗整体脱落;小穗轴节间甚粗短,不易在诸小花间折断;颖0-1,存在时形如外稃,具不明显的多脉;内稃远较小和较窄于外稃,背部具2脊,顶端裂为2短齿;鳞被1-4,彼此不同形,长圆状披针形,基部具脉纹,边缘可叉分并生纤毛;雄蕊6,有时可较少,花丝互相分离;子房被毛,花柱1,柱头常有长短不一的2-4分枝,均作羽毛状。果实纺锤形,上部生微毛,腹沟宽而浅,果皮薄,与种子易分离,使果实呈囊果状。
本属现知仅有2种及若干栽培型,特产于我国西南各省及广东,尤以四川盆地最为常见。
慈竹 Neosinocalamus affinis (Rendle) Keng
孖竹 Neosinocalamus recto-cuneatus W. T. Lin
扁穗草属——Blysmus Panz., nom. conserv.
Panz. in Schultes, Mant. II (1824) 41——Nomochloa Beauv. in Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyperac. (1819) 37, nom. rejic.
多年生草本,具匍匐根状茎。秆有节或无,三稜形,平滑或粗糙。叶基生或秆生。苞片叶状;小苞片呈鳞片状;穗状花序单一,顶生,具数个至10多个小穗,排成二列或近于二列;小穗具少数两性花;鳞片复瓦状,近二列;下位刚毛存在或不发育,通常生倒刺;雄蕊3,药隔突出于花药顶端;花柱基部不膨大,脱落,柱头2。小坚果平凸状。
全世界有3种,我国产2种,分布于内蒙古、四川、云南、西藏以及华北、西北等地。
扁穗草 Blysmus compressus (Linn.) Panz.
华扁穗草 Blysmus sinocompressus
芙兰草属——Fuirena Rottb.
Rottb. Descr. et Ic. Pl. (1773) 70, t. 19.
一年生或多年生草本;植物体通常被毛。秆丛生或近丛生。叶狭长,鞘具膜质叶舌。长侧枝聚繖花序简单或复出,顶生和侧生兼有,组成狭圆锥花序;小穗聚生成圆簇,具少数至多数两性花;鳞片螺旋状排列;下位刚毛3-6条,外轮3条,钻状,或缺如,内轮3条变为多种多样的花瓣状,膜质或肉质,下部常收缩成爪或柄,与外轮互生;雄蕊3;花柱基部与子房连生,不膨大,柱头3。小坚果三稜形,具子房柄,平滑或具纹理。
全世界约有30多种;中国产3种,分布于华南、西南各省。
毛芙兰草 Fuirena ciliaris
黔芙兰草 Fuirena rhizomatifer
芙兰草 Fuirena umbellata
桦木属——Betula L.
落叶乔木或灌木。树皮白色、灰色、黄白色、红褐色、褐色或黑褐色,光滑、横裂、纵裂、薄层状剥裂或块状剥裂。芽无柄,具数枚覆瓦状排列之芽鳞。单叶,互生,叶下面通常具腺点,边缘具重锯齿,很少为单锯齿,叶脉羽状,具叶柄;托叶分离,早落。花单性,雌雄同株;雄花序2-4枚簇生于上一年枝条的顶端或侧生;苞鳞覆瓦状排列,每苞鳞内具2枚小苞片及3朵雄花;花被膜质,基部连合;雄蕊通常2枚,花丝短,顶端叉分,花药具2个完全分离的药室,顶端有毛或无毛;花粉粒赤道面观为宽椭圆形,极面观具棱,大多数具3孔,呈三角形,很少为2、4、5-8孔,外壁两层均加厚,不形成孔室,外层在孔处无明显的带状加厚;雌花序单1或2-5枚生于短枝的顶端,圆柱状、矩圆状或近球形,直立或下垂;苞鳞覆瓦状排列,每苞鳞内有3朵雌花;雌花无花被,子房扁平,2室,每室有1个倒生胚珠,花柱2枚,分离。果苞革质,鳞片状,脱落,由3枚苞片愈合而成,具3裂片,内有3枚小坚果。小坚果小,扁平,具或宽或窄的膜质翅,顶端具2枚宿存的柱头。种子单生,具膜质种皮。
本属约100种,主要分布于北温带,少数种类分布至北极区内。我国产29种6变种。全国均有分布。
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