推荐回答(1个)
水稻所吸收的养分来源于两个部分:一部分由土壤本身提供,另一部分是当季施入的肥料。 1、土壤养分的供给。土壤的供肥能力即地力,它可以通过化验的方法来测定,也可以用不施肥的产量来表示。土壤本身供给养分的数量,主要决定于贮蓄量与有效状态。冲积土或湖积土的稻田,其有机质含量高,土壤可耕性好,有效态养分较高,这类土壤可供给水稻吸收的养分数量就多;有些山区稻田潜在肥力虽高,但分解转化慢,有效养分较少,供给养分的能力不高;一些红壤丘陵区,特别是新开稻田,潜在肥力与有效养分都较低,能供给的养分就更少。根据在生产实践中的观察和肥料对比试验情况,一般推算土壤本身约可供给水稻生产所需养分的1/2~2/3,不过这种供应情况在不同地区与不同生产水平下差异颇大。在具体衡量某一地区土壤肥力状况时,要根据当地土壤性质、施肥水平与产量的关系,还要进行必要的土壤分析与试验,从而比较确切地掌握土壤肥力水平。 2、肥料利用率。当季施用的肥料并不完全为水稻吸收利用,有些流失了,有些残存在土壤中,当季利用多少就是“肥料的利用率”。一般来说,化学肥料比有机肥料利用率高;同是有机肥料,碳、氮比值较大的(即含碳素多的)利用率低,经沤制腐熟的有机肥比未腐熟的有机肥料利用率高;各种农家肥单独施用肥效低,而将有机肥做基肥与化肥做追肥配合施用,就能显著提高有机肥的利用率。据江西省农科院试验统计,江西水稻生产中氮肥利用率在28%~38%之间,约为33%,磷肥利用率约为20%,钾肥利用率约为50%。 3、施肥量的计算。根据计划产量需要吸收的肥料,一般可按生产50公斤稻谷需纯氮1公斤折算,土壤供给的肥料和当季肥料利用率,按下面的例子进行估算。例如,一块稻田计划生产550公斤稻谷,地力产量(即不施肥的产量)为350公斤,扣除地力产量,施肥需要生产200公斤,就需要施4公斤纯氮(按生产50公斤稻谷需纯氮1公斤折算),按氮肥的利用率35%计算,大致需要施11.4公斤纯氮。然后再根据各种氮肥的含氮量进行折算,确定各种氮肥的施用数量。磷肥(P2O5)的施用量早稻约为纯氮的一半,晚稻约为纯氮的40%,钾肥(K20)的数量则与纯氮相当,因为钾肥的利用率比氮肥利用率要高40%以上。也可用公式进行计算。
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