蛇绿岩带特征

2025-01-24 06:17:02
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

乔夏哈拉-布尔根蛇绿岩带往西与哈萨克斯坦境内的斋桑蛇绿岩带相连,往东与蒙古境内的比基蛇绿岩带相连,共同构成西伯利亚板块与哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块的缝合带,为晚古生代闭合的古亚洲洋的残余(何国琦等,1990,2000;肖序常等,1992;许继峰等,2001;牛贺才等,1999;吴波等,2005)。该蛇绿岩带代表的古亚洲洋具双向俯冲的特征,往北俯冲于西伯利亚地块之下,并在西伯利亚板块南缘形成以阿舍勒和麦兹等富含喷流沉积成因硫化物矿床的弧后盆地火山沉积建造,年龄为372Ma的库尔提蛇绿岩(张海祥等,2003b)可能是弧后盆地扩展洋壳的残余(许继峰等,2001)。该蛇绿岩带以南为晚古生代泥盆纪—石炭纪岛弧型埃达克岩和富铌玄武岩(许继峰等,2003;张海祥等,2004)及钾质火山岩(袁超等,2006),即在晚古生代时该蛇绿岩带所代表的古亚洲洋往南俯冲,具洋内俯冲的特征。古亚洲洋往北俯冲的时间可能开始于晚寒武世—早奥陶世,并在阿勒泰南缘形成了主体为505Ma的酸性岛弧岩浆岩(Windley等,2002)。准噶尔东北缘及北缘出露的最新海相地层时代为早石炭世中晚期,早二叠世发育有陆相火山-沉积地层,普遍缺失上石炭统,说明区内在早古生代存在的古亚洲洋于早石炭世晚期闭合,到晚石炭世,北部的西伯利亚板块与南部的哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块已碰撞对接在一起,形成了统一的大陆(肖序常等,1992)。

阿尔曼太蛇绿岩带向西与西准噶尔的洪古勒楞-塔城蛇绿岩带相连,为早古生代蛇绿岩带(何国琦等,1990;朱永峰等,2006),其中含奥陶纪—志留纪的放射虫。其可能从新元古代晚期开始孕育,发育的鼎盛时期是寒武纪至早、中奥陶世,晚奥陶世至早志留世为其萎缩、闭合时期(何国琦等,2001)。主要年代学依据包括:蛇纹石化橄榄岩和斜辉橄榄岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄为479Ma(刘伟等,1993);堆晶辉长岩、辉绿岩与安山玢岩等样品的Sm-Nd全岩等时线年龄为561Ma(黄萱等,1997);扎河坝地区蛇绿岩中层状辉长岩的SHRIMP测年结果为489Ma(简平等,2003);阿尔曼太蛇绿岩中斜长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为503Ma(肖文交等,2006a)。其中阿尔曼太蛇绿岩带南侧发育早古生代的弧-盆体系,其上被晚志留世或早泥盆世的浅海相沉积岩系不整合覆盖(李锦轶,1991a,1991b)。在阿尔曼太蛇绿岩岩块内分布着高压—超高压成因的二辉橄榄岩、石榴辉石岩、石英菱镁岩及榴闪岩,多硅白云母的40Ar/39Ar年代学研究结果表明,阿尔曼太蛇绿混杂岩内超高压石英菱镁岩的折返事件应发生在早二叠世(281.6Ma)(牛贺才等,2007)。

卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带分布于卡拉麦里—塔克札勒—大黑山一带。其往东可能与蒙古南部的佐林蛇绿岩带相连。卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带和南蒙古蛇绿岩带均构造侵位于泥盆纪和早石炭世火山沉积岩系之中,伴生的硅质岩中含有石炭纪早期的放射虫化石(舒良树等,2003;卜国民等,2005),其两侧地层都发育志留纪晚期图瓦贝动物群化石(张梓歆等,1983,1990;Kulkov,1993)。卡拉麦里蛇绿岩被薄层含蛇绿岩成分、发育纳缪尔期G带菊石化石Gastrioceras sp.和Eoasianites sp.的砾岩层不整合,其上部大洋硅质岩中含放射虫、高级疑源类、小软舌螺及小壳类等化石,据此推断时代不晚于早泥盆世(李锦轶等,1988;肖序常等,1990);卡拉麦里构造带发育与蛇绿岩伴生的斜长花岗岩,其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为373Ma(唐红峰等,2007)。准噶尔洋最终闭合于石炭纪(肖序常等,1990;成守德等,1998)。卡拉麦里蛇绿岩中的镁铁质岩兼具有洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)和岛弧拉斑玄武岩(IAB)的特征,岩石地球化学特征表现为轻稀土元素(LREE)亏损、平坦或略微富集,不同程度地亏损高场强元素(HFSE)而富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)(刘希军等,2007),成分上非常相似于受洋脊俯冲影响的Chile和Cocos Ridge玄武岩,这意味着卡拉麦里蛇绿岩代表的洋盆扩张达到了发育洋中脊的阶段,且可能是叠加在大陆基底上发育起来的。如前所述,塔黑尔巴斯套弧内裂谷构造的发育及其邻近卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带的特征,也说明卡拉麦里蛇绿岩所代表的准噶尔洋盆为弧后盆地,其形成时间约为435Ma。鲍尔羌鸡花岗质超糜棱岩锆石U-Pb年龄结果显示,准噶尔洋盆的闭合时间应早于343Ma,在343Ma时东准噶尔地区已进入碰撞造山阶段。

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