推荐回答(1个)
中国三国魏7位名士的合称,成名年代较“建安七子”晚一些。包括:魏正始年间(240-249)嵇康、阮籍、山涛、向秀、刘伶、王戎及阮咸。 7人常聚在当时的山阳县(今河南修武一带)竹林之下,肆意酣畅,故世谓竹林七贤。 7人的政治思想和生活态度不同于建安七子,他们大都“弃经典而尚老庄,蔑礼法而崇放达”。在政治上,嵇康、阮籍、刘伶对司马氏集团均持不合作态度,嵇康因此被杀。山涛、王戎等则是先后投靠司马氏,历任高官,成为司马氏政权的心腹。在文章创作上,以阮籍、嵇康为代表。阮籍的《咏怀》诗82首,多以比兴、寄托、象征等手法,隐晦曲折地揭露最高统治集团的罪恶,讽刺虚伪的礼法之士,表现了诗人在政治恐怖下的苦闷情绪。嵇康的《与山巨源绝交书》,以老庄崇尚自然的论点 ,说明自己的本性不堪出仕,公开表明了自己不与司马氏合作的政治态度,文章颇负盛名。其他如阮籍的《大人先生传》,刘伶的《酒德颂》,向秀的《思旧赋》等,也是可读的作品。《隋书·经籍志》著录山涛有集5卷,已佚。 七人是当时玄学的代表人物,虽然他们的思想倾向略有不同。嵇康﹑阮籍﹑刘伶﹑阮咸始终主张老庄之学﹐“越名教而任自然”,山涛﹑王戎则好老庄而杂以儒术﹐向秀则主张名教与自然合一。他们在生活上不拘礼法,清静无为,聚众在竹林喝酒,纵歌。作品揭露和讽刺司马朝廷的虚伪。 在政治态度上的分歧比较明显。嵇康﹑阮籍﹑刘伶等仕魏而对执掌大权﹑已成取代之势的司马氏集团持不合作态度。向秀在嵇康被害后被迫出仕。阮咸入晋曾为散骑侍郎﹐但不为司马炎所重。山涛起先“隐身自晦”﹐但40岁后出仕﹐投靠司马师﹐历任尚书吏部郎﹑侍中﹑司徒等﹐成为司马氏政权的高官。王戎为人鄙吝﹐功名心最盛﹐入晋后长期为侍中﹑吏部尚书﹑司徒等﹐历仕晋武帝﹑ 晋惠帝两朝﹐至八王乱起﹐仍优游暇豫﹐不失其位。 竹林七贤的不合作态度为司马朝廷所不容,最后分崩离析:阮籍、刘伶、嵇康对司马朝廷不合作,嵇康被杀害。王戎、山涛则投靠司马朝廷,竹林七贤最后各散西东。
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