推荐回答(1个)
建国以来,国家提倡殡葬改革,移风易俗,新的丧葬方式渐为本地人所接受。但在过去,半岛人遵循先人“入土为安”古训,对丧葬丝毫不敢马虎。其有一套繁复的仪式和诸多禁忌,让人眼花缭乱。时至今日,其中许多特色旧俗已不复见。
治丧
民间认为,凡享年50岁以上,因病老去世的都算寿终,称“喜丧”(亦即白喜事)。对于这种正常的死亡,家人已有心理准备。一确定亲人去世,孝属们便会爆发性地恸哭起来(人未死时忌哭)。此时,要在逝者脚下供一碗“下脚饭”(亦称倒头饭);用碟盏盛香油点燃作长明灯(又称引路灯);用碗盛米装上香。香火、灯火日夜不断。而丧属身上即已戴孝,不可以穿鞋戴帽,着手办理丧事。其所在宗族或社团成员会集资为亡者捐一口棺木。村中亲房族人或街坊邻里便开始义务帮忙打理杂务。
报丧
亲人去世后,丧主要尽快给亲戚朋友报丧,但其事务众多,千头万绪,无从分身,往往派其亲族协助奔走发出讣告。报丧人到对方家不能进门。对出来迎接的,无论长幼皆须向对方叩首,再告知对方某人因何去世,某日某时出殡等。
入殓
分大小二殓。小殓主要是给死者沐浴、穿寿衣。一般在死者咽气不久进行,因为时间长了,遗体僵直不好穿戴。寿衣的件数有严格的规定,男为双数,女为单数。若是女性逝者,家人会给其戴上生前佩用的戒指、手镯等,称之为“压殓”,日后捡骨重葬时取出给后辈妇女佩戴。还会把珠玉贝米之类放进死者口中,称之为“饭含”或“含殓”。 大殓即入棺。盖棺打钉时,土佬会问是否还有人未瞻仰遗容。这是防止有丧属来迟,不及见亲人最后一面而出现闹丧的情况。 守灵 从死者去世到出殡之前,孝属要日夜轮流守灵,主要是防止猫、狗等动物的闯入,也表示尽孝。
丧服 丧服有斩衰、齐衰、大功、小功、缌麻五个等级,称为五服,适用于与死者亲疏关系不同的亲属。而斩衰是最重的丧服,主要适用于死者的儿子、未嫁女、儿媳。其用最粗的生麻制成,不缝边,简陋粗恶,用来表示哀痛之深。
吊唁 是丧葬礼俗中较重要的内容。与死者关系亲疏不同,吊唁的礼数、方式也有许多区别。 出门在外的子女或其他至亲接到噩耗后,首先要哭悼,再问明死因,然后不顾一切上路奔丧。临到家时,要望乡而歌(歌者,哭也)。 到家后,先到灵前跪叩、哭悼。而在廉江,则流行一种叫哭奶(不管哭诉对象是谁统称哭奶)的口头文学,其内容大致是追述逝者过去的苦境和对死者的怀念。如女儿哭丧母: 母亲养我,奶呀;辛苦一世,奶呀! 无食无着,奶呀;艰难度日,奶呀! 捱到今日,奶呀;儿女成群,奶呀! 怎知你去,奶呀;无留半句,奶呀! 丢下女儿,奶呀;(我)肝肠寸断,奶呀! 哀声痛切凄婉,听者莫不落泪。 亲友前来吊唁,孝子要迎接、陪同。守灵的孝属还礼后,吊唁者到灵堂正式举哀哭悼。经礼宾人员劝慰,即到帐房交礼。其中多为六尺长的白、黑、灰、蓝布。届时用粉笔书上“英名千古”、“典型永在”等字样,即为挽帐,在出殡时举出。 出殡 又称出山。不同的地方出殡时间不同。一些地方在巳时(上午10—11点),一些则在酉时(下午4—5点)。出殡时,先由道士收煞,门楣贴上“煞符”。棺木移出屋外,道士念念有词,用剑腹连拍棺材头三下,此即出殡命令。十六个杠夫应声齐喝,由孝子捧香碗、牌位、灵幡作为前导,驾灵而行。隔数分钟,杠夫们便齐喝一声,意是警告路人回避。 灵柩出村后,一般在村头或村地堂等开旷地带举祭。开祭时,按亲疏远近关系先后进行拜祭。司礼者有大唱先生(负责喊唱并指挥祭丧仪式全过程)、引礼先生(带领参祭者跪拜)、司尊习爵先生(遵照大唱者所点祭品逐一点献)、读文先生(读祭文)。之后孝属向先人作永别礼。
下葬 棺木抵达墓地,再次整理墓坑。先平整坑底,抹去脚印,将纸帛点燃投入,意为温暖墓室,不让先人感到寒冷。接着,棺木缓缓下放,经阴阳先生用罗盘校正坐向后,由孝子带头铲土掩埋成堆。掩土时,人影忌投入墓坑内。掩好土,送葬人在墓地绕三圈后,各抓一把泥土回家,撒在屋边。回家时从另一条小路返回(忌从来路返回、忌半路回头张望)。
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