推荐回答(1个)
(一)风险为本的内涵和原则
“风险为本”是指在开展反洗钱工作时,反洗钱主体通过科学评估不同组织机构、业务、客户和交易等所面临的洗钱风险,决定反洗钱资源的投入方向和比例,采取差异化反洗钱措施,确保有限的反洗钱资源优先投入到高风险领域,提高预防与打击洗钱活动的有效性。
与
规则为本相比,风险为本有三项基本原则:一是预防为主、打击为辅原则,即承认反洗钱资源的相对有限性和稀缺性、洗钱风险分布的不均衡性和变动性,注重对洗
钱风险提前监测和有效防控,御风险于金融系统之外。二是主动参与、合作共治原则,即适应反洗钱工作社会公共事业属性,吸收社会各界力量构建反洗钱联合防
线,积极开展信息交流和工作合作。三是适度监管、积极有为原则,即以洗钱风险为出发点,有所为有所不为,确保有限资源优先投入到高风险机构和业务领域,实
现以风险程度为依据的适度分类监管。
(二)风险为本的实施前提
风险为本是反洗钱工作发展到一定阶段的必然选择,其有效实施建
立在一定的基础之上。(1)反洗钱法规体系赋予被监管机构采取“基于风险选择适当措施”的权利,允许被监管机构采取适合于其特定组织机构和业务类型的措施
和程序。(2)反洗钱监管框架以风险为出发点,重点关注被监管机构的洗钱风险评估情况及洗钱风险控制措施、程序能否起到有效降低洗钱风险的作用,不以绝对
化标准僵化要求被监管机构。(3)反洗钱主体间开展有效的信息交流和工作合作,弥补各主体反洗钱信息的片面性和局限性。(4)高素质的反洗钱人才队伍,满
足风险的多样性、复杂性和多变性对反洗钱工作人员专业知识、判断能力等更高和更严格的要求。
(三)风险为本的实施步骤
1、识
别和评估主要风险因素和类别。洗钱风险属于集成风险,影响洗钱风险的因素和洗钱风险的类别具有多样性。不同组织机构、不同业务类型、不同历史时期所面临的
洗钱风险因素和类别是不同的。从监管机构角度来看,影响被监管机构洗钱风险的因素主要包括所属行业类别、内控制度建设和执行情况、组织机构建设情况、大额
和可疑交易报送情况、客户身份识别及相关资料保存情况等,相应洗钱风险类别包括单项风险和全面风险。从被监管机构角度来看,影响洗钱风险的因素相对复杂,
主要包含两类:一类来自于自身内部,包括客户地缘、行业/职业、资产规模、交易金额、交易产品等固有风险,洗钱风险控制措施的设计和执行、内部稽核审计等
控制风险,金融服务产品创新等创新风险;另一类来自于外部,包括所处国家和地区经济发展情况、反洗钱制度体系情况、刑事犯罪情况、金融监管情况等外部风
险。对以上风险,均要采取适当方法进行识别和评估。
2、设计和实施洗钱风险控制措施。规范化的洗钱风险控制措施是保证洗钱风险防控连续性和
有效性的基础。洗钱风险控制措施应体现均衡性和适度性。被监管机构应采取调整和完善业务操作流程、强化客户身份识别程序、设置分级审批程序、风险控制措
施、独立审计等措施,有效消除洗钱风险隐患。监管机构一方面应评估被监管机构洗钱风险,另一方面,应定期或不定期提示被监管机构洗钱风险控制重点。
3、
评价和改进洗钱风险控制措施。洗钱风险具有多变性特征。洗钱风险控制措施的有效性取决于其对洗钱风险的适应性,当洗钱风险发生改变时控制措施必须做出相应
的调整和改进。洗钱风险控制措施的改进分为被动型改进和主动型改进,被动型改进建立在对既有洗钱风险的认识基础上,主要用于控制当前洗钱风险,主动型改进
建立在对或有洗钱风险的前瞻性预测上,侧重于对潜在洗钱风险的提前控制。
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