兰花如何养护的?

2024-11-10 11:57:46
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

1.冬季

冬季的养护关系到来年兰花的生长与开花。①入室保温:建兰、墨兰、寒兰耐寒性差,要提早入室,春兰、蕙兰有冰冻时也要入室,室温保持5~15℃之间,春兰室温控制在3~8℃,一般以1~5℃为宜,若高于15℃时对花蕾、花箭发育有不良的影响。②控制浇水:夏秋不可干,冬春不可湿,这是前人养兰的经验。一般保持盆土有些潮湿即可安全越冬,如盆土确已干燥,则在晴暖天气的中午前后,用与室温相近的水喷浇,盆土微湿即止。切勿大水浇灌,防止烂根、冻伤。浇水以雨雪水最好,切忌碱性水、污染的水及未晒1~2天的自来水,浇时从盆沿浇入逐渐流入花根,至花根湿润为止,忌向叶片及兰芯浇水。③控肥增光:兰花冬眠一般不要施肥,兰根没有须根,根内有根菌共生,春兰、寒兰生长时,叶面可喷0.1%磷酸二氢钾或复合微量元素。兰花冬季要有充足的光照,要放在封闭阳台的向阳面,使早晚能受光,如光照不足,要用灯光补充。④及时通风换气:兰花喜暖又需空气流通,畏烟尘浊气的污染,远离火炉,晴天中午前后开窗通风,也可把兰盆端在室外避风向阳处见见阳光,气温下降后立即端回室内。

2.夏季

①遮荫。兰花喜阴凉爽环境,怕阳光直晒,每年4月下旬至9月底,应给予遮荫,遮光率宜达50%~7%春兰、蕙兰对光照要求高一些,建兰、墨兰遮光率80%以上亦无妨,遮光用遮阳网,并将兰盆放在靠近水面或放在空气清新、通风良好的地方。②防雨。梅雨季节,正是兰花生长旺盛阶段,连续阴雨盆土太湿会影响叶芽生长,导致黑斑病,还会烂根死亡,并加设防雨棚,下雨前将其移入室内。夏天温度高,光照强,要保证足够的水分,除浇水外,还要向上朝空气喷水,可降温增湿。大雨将盆面泥土溅到兰心或兰叶上,会发生褐腐病。③施肥。要薄肥勤施的原则,用5%~10%腐熟的饼肥水一月一次。春兰、蕙兰夏季施氮钾肥,建兰施磷钾肥,寒兰不施肥。施肥不能污染叶面,开花前后,大伏天不施肥。④修剪。对被病虫危害的兰叶要及时剪去,夏季开花的兰花,亦要剪去残花枯叶。

3.病虫害防治

兰花的病虫害有炭疽病、叶枯病、白绢病、蚜虫、蓟马、介壳虫、蜗牛等。①兰花炭疽病是一种普遍又严重的病害,以侵染叶片为主,有时也侵染茎和果实。叶上初现圆形或椭圆形,中央为浅褐色或灰褐色,边缘为深褐色或黑褐色,周围有褪绿色晕圈,后期病斑上产生黑色小点,散生或轮状排列,潮湿时会出现橙黄色黏稠物,扩展成数厘米大斑,叶片枯黄。病菌在病叶病残体过冬,风雨、昆虫传播,伤口侵入,夏秋季节发病严重。暴雨花、叶受伤,高湿闷热、放置过密、通风不良、盆内积水使病害加重。当头浇水,盆土太黏根部受伤使病害加重。发病前可用0.5%~1%波尔多液或65%代森锌600~800倍,每隔7~10天喷1次,预防发病,发病初期可用50%多菌灵或75%甲基托布津800倍喷洒,控制病害蔓延。②叶枯病又称黑斑病、圆斑病。初现黑褐色近圆形小斑点,发生于叶缘病斑呈半圆形,扩大成椭圆形大斑,边缘黑褐色,中央淡褐色,有一二圈浅色环纹,潮湿时叶背现红褐色突起小点,呈稀疏轮状排列,小点开裂后白色。与炭疽病的区别是小点的颜色与排列不同,危害比炭疽病重。该病在病叶及病残体上越冬,借风雨、浇水传播,伤口及嫩叶直接入侵。寒兰发病重。防治方法同炭疽病。③白绢病兰叶基部近土壤处呈水浸状,不久褐变腐烂产生白色绢丝状的菌丝层,呈辐射状蔓延,叶丛枯死,病部产生油菜籽大小初为黄白色后变黄褐色至褐色的菌核。在土中存活3~5年,高温多雨8~9月发病重,酸性沙土及污染病土易发病。可用五氯硝基苯、敌克松、福美双及多菌灵,每平方米用药5~10克,加适量细土拌匀后撒入土中,亦可用盆土重量0.2%五氯硝基苯消毒土壤。④花蓟马又名黄胸蓟马,年发生10多代,主要锉吸花的汁液,使花朵退色,出现白斑。可用20%菊杀乳油或速果乳油2500倍喷雾。⑤蚜虫,可用50%灭蚜松1000倍液或50%辟蚜雾2000倍或苦参200倍液,亦可用15%涕灭威每盆1~1.5克,埋入土中。

回答2:

平时养护兰花,如何浇水呢?

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