推荐回答(2个)
谈起雍正,就会想到他的继位问题,学术界历来有两种意见,一种认为他受康熙遗诏继位,是合法继承;一种认为康熙并未传位与他,雍正是矫诏夺位。由于雍正即位,篡改了历史,销毁了档案,现在已找不到他矫诏夺位的确凿证据。斧声烛影,已是千古的疑案,但从各种迹象推断,他的继位确实存在很多疑点。
康熙晚年,太子废立,诸子争位,闹得乌烟瘴气,储位虚悬,人心不定。当时因准噶尔入侵西藏,康熙命皇十四子允禵为抚远大将军,统兵援藏,给以大权,用正黄旗,称大将军王,礼仪隆重,规格极高,康熙当是意有所钟。康熙称赞允禵的才能"大将军是我皇子,确系良将,带领大军,深知有带兵才能"。很多人心目中也以允禵为接班人,如皇九子允禟说允禵"聪明绝世","才德双全,我弟兄内皆不如";"十四爷现今出兵,皇上看的也很重,将来这皇太子一定是他"。可是,康熙在畅春园猝然去世,雍正与时任步军统领,掌管京师兵权的隆科多勾结密谋,夺取了帝位,而允禵远在青海,鞭长莫及,故而帝梦成空。雍正后来所讲康熙弥留前遗命传位雍正的情形,仔细推敲,矛盾甚多。如说隆科多为惟一顾命之大臣,而其他谕旨中却说,康熙死时隆科多不在御前,又说康熙传诏时皇十七子允礼在寝宫外侍候,而其他史料证明,允礼时在皇宫内值班,并不在畅春园寝宫外,如此等等。因此,是否存在这一临终传位的现场,实属疑问。
上述属于野史戏说。按照学术界的研究,传位诏书修改其中的某些字来改变诏书的内容是不可能的。因为清代的传位诏书同时用满汉两种文字书写,戏说者说的增加汉字比划来改变意思是做不到的。同时诏书中会直言皇子的名字,而不会只写其是第几子。
由于雍正夺位篡立,激起了皇族内部的集体抗争,除皇十三子允祥以外,雍正的其他兄弟大多反对雍正继位。允禵是争夺皇位的对手,被从前线调回,永远禁锢。皇八子允祀、皇九子允?是雍正的死对头,雍正痛恨入骨,将二人迫害致死。皇十子允䄉和皇三子允祉、允祉的儿子弘晟均被永远囚禁,皇十二子胤祹被降爵贬秩,连雍正的亲生儿子弘时也不满其父的作为,竟站在八叔允祀一边,被雍正处罚致死。据朝鲜的记载,雍正上台,被杀的宗室、官员达数百人。连康熙身边一位照料皇帝起居的内务府官员赵昌,在康熙死后也立即被杀,引起举朝震惊,这大概是赵昌太了解康熙去世和传位的真相,因而得祸。康熙生前长住畅春园,死后葬在东陵,而雍正长住圆明园,别建西陵,似乎要远远躲开父亲。须知雍正的迷信思想很浓厚,如果做了对不起父亲的事,就会有这类悖于常理的举止。雍正后来似乎也愧恧不安,乾隆说:允祀、允?"觊觎窥窃,诚所不免,及皇考绍登大宝,怨尤诽谤,亦情事所有,将未有显然悖逆之迹。皇考晚年屡向朕谕及,愀然不乐,意颇悔之"。这是不是雍正受到了良心谴责的内心表露呢?
雍正的继位存在很多疑点,可能出于矫诏篡立。这样说并不是要抹煞他的历史功绩,应该说封建统治者骨肉相残是经常发生的。封建社会中,即使一个英明的君主也往往要用阴谋手段和残酷斗争来夺取和巩固统治,汉武帝、唐太宗、武则天、努尔哈赤都有屠兄弟、杀儿子、逼父亲的行为,雍正并不是个例外。他作为一个最高统治者,勤于政务,洞察世情,以雷厉风行的姿态进行整顿改革。雍正统治十三年是清朝统治的重要时期,承上启下,为以后乾隆时期的繁荣盛世打下了基础。
正常继位,否则还能是什么样的?不过雍正继位是否真的有诏书就不得而知了,因为康熙生前自太子数次废立之后就没建储,而雍正继位之后明示天下的那份诏书确实有些不合理的地方,但是从以下几方面来说雍正继位应该是合法的:第一雍正出生之后并非由生母抚养,而是由继皇后佟佳氏抚养,由于皇后无子,那么在太子彻底被废之后雍正的机会是最大的;第二民间盛传十四子才是合法继承人,于是种种改诏书的说法层出不穷,有说将“十”改为“第”的,有说改为“于”的,但是古汉语中“于”本来是“於”,更重要的是传位诏书必须由满汉双文写就,昭示天下,特别是满清的老家,改汉字可以,改满文就不是件容易事儿;第三关于十四子继位之说,很明显康熙已经是风烛残年,如果他属意老十四怎么会让他带兵去大西北,一旦有个三长两短等老十四从西北跑回来黄花菜都凉了,当然也有另一种可能就是让老十四拥兵,一来可以保障其位子坐得稳,二来即使从西北回来来不及也可以举兵夺回来,但是经历过数次大战的康熙首先不愿意看到的就是生灵涂炭、国家分裂,再者西北粮草后勤完全是掌握在朝廷手中,即使老十四举兵只要朝廷断了后勤那他几十万人马就是几十万条虫了,所以康熙很可能表面上给老十四出个定心丸实际上是支开老十四,不愿意看到亲哥俩为了皇位争得你死我活。
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