俄国批判现实主义文学有哪些代表人物和作品?

2024-12-03 04:52:37
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

普希金的后期乱尺创作由浪漫主义转向现实主义,为俄国批判现实主义文学奠定了基础。莱蒙托夫、果戈理等是早期创作以浪漫主义见称的作家,也在19世纪30年代转向现实主义。诗人莱蒙托夫(1814-1841)在1840年发表小说《当代英雄》,继承普希金开始的“多余人”形象传巧哗统,塑造了又一个“多余人”形象毕乔林。毕乔林是对上流哗宽高社会强烈不满的贵族青年,但他摆脱不了贵族生活,没有理想,玩世不恭,感到苦闷绝望;他时时进行自我心理分析,既否定一切,也蔑视自己,只能成为社会的“多余人”。作者用讽刺的笔调讥讽他,并谴责其所由来的贵族社会。

果戈理加强了俄国文学的批判倾向。别林斯基则反驳对立派攻击果戈理的言论,认为到19世纪40年代后期已形成了以果戈理为代表的“自然派”,其特点是真实描写并批判社会的黑暗,以下层人民为作品的主人公,反映人民的疾苦。这恰好是俄国社会迫切需要的文学。别林斯基的理论有力地推动了俄国批判现实主义的发展。赫尔岑(1812-1870)的小说《谁之罪?》(1847年)创造了另一个“多余人”别里托夫。这样一来,经过普希金、果戈理的创作实践和别林斯基在理论上的阐释,俄国批判现实主义到19世纪40年代已经完全获胜,并于19世纪50、60年代进入繁荣时期。

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