概率论,为什么样本均值的方差为n分之D(X)?

2024-11-04 15:40:25
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

分析如图所示:

在概率分布中,设X是一个离散型随机变量,若E{[X-E(X)]^2}存在,则称E{[X-E(X)]^2}为X的方差,记为D(X),Var(X)或DX,其中E(X)是X的期望值,X是变量值,公式中的E是期望值expected value的缩写,意为“变量值与其期望值之差的平方和”的期望值。

离散型随机变量方差计算公式:D(X)=E{[X-E(X)]^2}=E(X^2) - [ E(X)]^2;

对于连续型随机变量X,若其定义域为(a,b),概率密度函数为f(x),连续型随机变量X方差计算公式:D(X)=(x-μ)^2 f(x) dx。

扩展资料:

方差的性质:

1、设C是常数,则D(C)=0

2、设X是随机变量,C是常数,则有

3、设 X 与 Y 是两个随机变量,则

其中协方差

特别的,当X,Y是两个不相关的随机变量则

此性质可以推广到有限多个两两不相关的随机变量之和的情况。

回答2:

证明如下:

设X为随机变量,X1,X2,...Xi,...,Xn为其n个样本,DX为方差;

根据方差的性质,有D(X+Y)=DX+DY,以及D(kX)=k^2*DX,其中X和Y相互独立,k为常数;

样本均值为ΣXi/n,则样本均值的方差为D(ΣXi/n);

于是:

D(ΣXi/n)=D(1/nΣXi)=1/(n^2)D(ΣXi)

=1/(n^2)·n·D(X)=D(X)/n)

=1/nD(X)

因此,样本均值的方差为1/nD(X),此为样本均值的性质之一。

扩展资料:

样本均值的性质:

1、X1,X2,...,Xn是取自总体的样本,则E(Xi)=u,D(Xi)=σ^2,E(Xi)=u,D(Xi)=σ^2;E(X¯)=u,D(X¯)=σ^2/n。

2、样本均值的抽样分布在形状上却是对称的。随着样本量n的增大,不论原来的总体是否服从正态分布,样本均值的抽样分布都将趋于正态分布,其分布的数学期望为总体均值μ,方差为总体方差的1/n。

3、设总体共有N个元素,从中随机抽取一个容量为n的样本,在重置抽样时,共有N·n 种抽法,即可以组成N·n不同的样本,在不重复抽样时,共有N·n个可能的样本。

回答3:

设总体共有N个元素,从中随机抽取一个容量为n的样本,在 重置抽样时,共有N·n 种抽法,即可以组成N·n不同的样本,在 不重复抽样时,共有N·n个可能的样本。每一个样本都可以计算出一个均值,这些所有可能的抽样均值形成的分布就是样本均值的分布。但现实中不可能将所有的样本都抽取出来,因此,样本均值的 概率分布实际上是一种理论分布。数理统计学的相关定理已经证明:

即样本均值的均值就是总体均值。

在重置抽样时,样本均值的方差为总体方差的1/n,即

在不重置抽样时,样本均值的方差为 (x为平均数)

  • 样本均值的抽样分布:

    是所有的样本均值形成的分布,即μ的概率分布。样本均值的抽样分布在形状上却是对称的。随着样本量n的增大,不论原来的总体是否服从正态分布,样本均值的抽样分布都将趋于正态分布,其分布的数学期望为总体均值μ,方差为总体方差的1/n。

  • 方差:

    是在概率论和统计方差衡量 随机变量或一组数据时离散程度的度量。概率论中方差用来度量 随机变量和其 数学期望(即 均值)之间的偏离程度。统计中的方差(样本方差)是每个样本值与全体样本值的平均数之差的平方值的 平均数。在许多实际问题中,研究方差即偏离程度有着重要意义。

    方差是衡量源数据和期望值相差的度量值。

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