推荐回答(3个)
人胚胎第4~8周或第1~8周的发育阶段(由于胚胎分期法不同所致).受精卵经卵裂、桑椹胚形成胚泡后,胚胎细胞迅速增长分化为三胚层、胚胎体形、脸形特征以及主要器官系统的雏形的建立.第4~8周的胚胎极易受到有害因子的影响,导致显著的先天性畸形的出现,因而是发育的关键时期.
卵裂及胚泡的形成 是受精卵在由输卵管向子宫运行中进行的.受精后26~30小时开始卵裂,每10~12小时进行一次卵裂,在16~32细胞时开始称为桑椹胚,此时开始到达子宫腔.第4~5天时,形成早期胚泡,透明带溶解消失,胚泡开始侵入子宫内膜,11~12天完成植入.胚泡滋养层细胞迅速增殖,由单层变为复层,外层细胞融合形成合体滋养层,深部的一层细胞界限明显,称细胞滋养层.植入后,滋养层向外长出许多指状突起,称绒毛,逐渐发育、分化形成胎盘.滋养层直接从母体血液中吸取营养供胚胎发育所需.
胚盘的形成及中轴器官的建立 第2周时进行胚泡内细胞团细胞增殖与重排.靠近胚泡腔的细胞形成一层立方形细胞,为胚胎本身的内胚层;内胚层上方的细胞呈柱状,为外胚层;两层细胞紧密相贴形成椭圆形的二胚层胚盘.胚盘下方内胚层延伸,形成卵黄囊内层.胚盘内胚层构成卵黄囊顶壁,胚盘上方外胚层与滋养层间出现腔隙,逐渐扩大成羊膜腔.胚盘外胚层构成羊膜囊底壁,羊膜囊其余部分来自滋养层.胚盘上原条的出现与退缩,标志着中胚层的形成与三胚层胚盘的建立.中轴线的中胚层形成脊索.在脊索头端前方及原条尾端后方各有一圆形区,没有中胚层进入,内外胚层紧密相贴,分别称口咽膜及泄殖腔膜,为以后形成口腔和肛门的部位.脊索诱导其上方外胚层增厚形成神经板,进而形成神经沟及神经褶,神经褶在背中线愈合形成神经管.神经管头端与尾端尚未闭合的孔,称前、后神经孔,于第4周末全部闭合.
体形的建立 三胚层所构成椭圆形扁平胚盘,由于其中部细胞生长迅速,周缘向腹侧卷折,分别形成头褶、尾褶及腹褶.头、尾、腹褶进一步卷折向中央收缩,在胚体腹侧与尿囊及卵黄囊柄的附着点形成一圆柱形脐带区.胚胎由盘状逐渐形成头宽尾细的圆柱形,胚体悬浮于羊膜腔内羊水中.上、下肢芽于第4周先后出现,至第8周末,肢芽的各区段明显可辨,手指及足趾形成.外生殖突出现,但尚不能分辨性别.
颜面及感官的形成 颜面造形始于第4~5周;形成5个隆起,第7周面突移动,开始形成颜面;第8周形成具人脸特征的颜面.眼、耳、鼻等感官形成并定位.
三胚层的早期分化
中胚层 中胚层分为三部分,在脊索两旁的中胚层为轴旁中胚层,其外方为间介中胚层,最外侧为侧板中胚层.第3周末,两侧轴旁中胚层增厚并分节,形成体节,致使体表形成许多小的隆起,第5周末,44对体节全部形成.每个体节将分化形成生骨节、生肌节及生皮节.它们分别形成该体节段内的软骨、骨、肌肉以及皮肤真皮.间介中胚层形成泌尿生殖系统.侧板中胚层由于中间出现腔隙而分为两层,紧贴外胚层的中胚层称体壁中胚层,将分化为体壁的骨骼、肌肉和结缔组织等;围于内胚层周围的中胚层称脏壁中胚层,将分化为内脏器官的平滑肌、结缔组织和浆膜等.二层之间的腔称原始胚内体腔,以后分化为心包腔、胸腔及腹腔.
内胚层 随圆柱形胚体的形成,内胚层卷折形成原肠,为消化和呼吸系统的原基,将分化为消化管、消化腺、喉、气管和肺的上皮以及甲状腺、甲状旁腺、胸腺、膀胱及尿道等的上皮.
外胚层 神经管头区迅速生长,形成5个脑泡,神经管向腹侧弯曲,使胚胎呈“C”形.在神经管形成时,两侧神经褶外侧的外胚层细胞与神经褶脱离,形成位于神经管背外侧的细胞索,称神经嵴,以后分化为周围神经系统的神经节及肾上腺髓质等.位于体表的外层将分化为表皮及其衍生物,一些器官的上皮组织.
至第8周末,体内主要器官系统雏形结构均已建立,可区分出头、面、颈、躯干及四肢,胚胎初具人形.
卵细胞受精以后即开始分裂、发育,形成为胚胎。先形成的胚胎为桑椹胚(胚胎的形状像桑椹),然后形成囊胚(胚胎呈囊状),并且植入在子宫内膜中,吸取母体的营养,继续发育。囊胚壁为滋养层,囊中有内细胞群。胚胎继续发育,内细胞群的一部分发育成外胚层、内胚层和中胚层这三个胚层,再由这三个胚层分化发育成人体的所有组织和器官。
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