什么是非线性光学

2025-01-21 18:07:36
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

非线性光学

nonlinear optics

现代光学的一个分支,研究介质在强相干光作用下产生的非线性现象及其应用。激光问世之前,基本上是研究弱光束在介质中的传播,确定介质光学性质的折射率或极化率是与光强无关的常量,介质的极化强度与光波的电场强度成正比,光波叠加时遵守线性叠加原理(见光的独立传播原理)。在上述条件下研究光学问题称为线性光学。对很强的激光,例如当光波的电场强度可与原子内部的库仑场相比拟时,光与介质的相互作用将产生非线性效应,反映介质性质的物理量(如极化强度等)不仅与场强E的一次方有关,而且还决定于E的更高幂次项,从而导致线性光学中不明显的许多新现象。介质极化率P与场强的关系可写成

P=α1E+α2E2+α3E3+…

非线性效应是E项及更高幂次项起作用的结果。

常见非线性光学现象有:①光学整流。E2项的存在将引起介质的恒定极化项,产生恒定的极化电荷和相应的电势差,电势差与光强成正比而与频率无关,类似于交流电经整流管整流后得到直流电压。②产生高次谐波。弱光进入介质后频率保持不变。强光进入介质后,由于介质的非线性效应,除原来的频率ω外,还将出现2ω、3ω、……等的高次谐波。1961年美国的P.A.弗兰肯和他的同事们首次在实验上观察到二次谐波。他们把红宝石激光器发出的3千瓦红色(6943埃)激光脉冲聚焦到石英晶片上,观察到了波长为3471.5埃的紫外二次谐波。若把一块铌酸钡钠晶体放在1瓦、1.06微米波长的激光器腔内,可得到连续的1瓦二次谐波激光,波长为5323埃。非线性介质的这种倍频效应在激光技术中有重要应用。③光学混频。当两束频率为ω1和 ω2(ω1>ω2)的激光同时射入介质时,如果只考虑极化强度P的二次项,将产生频率为ω1+ω2的和频项和频率为ω1-ω2的差频项。利用光学混频效应可制作光学参量振荡器,这是一种可在很宽范围内调谐的类似激光器的光源,可发射从红外到紫外的相干辐射。④受激拉曼散射。普通光源产生的拉曼散射是自发拉曼散射,散射光是不相干的。当入射光采用很强的激光时,由于激光辐射与物质分子的强烈作用,使散射过程具有受激辐射的性质,称受激拉曼散射。所产生的拉曼散射光具有很高的相干性,其强度也比自发拉曼散射光强得多。利用受激拉曼散射可获得多种新波长的相干辐射,并为深入研究强光与物质相互作用的规律提供手段。⑤自聚焦。介质在强光作用下折射率将随光强的增加而增大。激光束的强度具有高斯分布,光强在中轴处最大,并向外围递减,于是激光束的轴线附近有较大的折射率,像凸透镜一样光束将向轴线自动会聚,直到光束达到一细丝极限(直径约5×10-6米),并可在这细丝范围内产生全反射,犹如光在光学纤维内传播一样。⑥光致透明。弱光下介质的吸收系数(见光的吸收)与光强无关,但对很强的激光,介质的吸收系数与光强有依赖关系,某些本来不透明的介质在强光作用下吸收系数会变为零。

研究非线性光学对激光技术、光谱学的发展以及物质结构分析等都有重要意义。常用的二阶非线性光学晶体有磷酸二氢钾(KDP)、磷酸二氢铵(ADP)、磷酸二氘钾(KD*P)、铌酸钡钠等。此外还发现了许多三阶非线性光学材料。

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