推荐回答(4个)
肌无力的症状可以表现为多种类型,不同原因引起的肌无力所表现的症状是不一样的。如果是由于外伤因素引起的神经损伤,一般会表现为局部的肌无力症状,可以单纯的表现为力量的减弱和肌肉的萎缩,严重的可以表现为局部的感觉和运动功能丧失。如果是由于颈腰椎病变引起的肌无力症状,一般会表现为患侧肢体出现肌肉的力量逐渐减弱。同时出现肌肉的萎缩,有的还会伴有肢体的疼痛、麻木不适症状。如果是由于免疫因素引起的肌无力,比如格林-巴利综合征或者重症肌无力等,可以表现为全身性的肌肉无力,吞咽困难。如果累及到呼吸肌,还会表现为呼吸表浅,严重的会导致呼吸衰竭。
本病最大特点,肌肉呈异常疲惫性肌无力,休息后症状明显好转,无严重肌萎缩及电变性反应。可出现在全身的一切肌肉:
*提上睑肌无力-最常见,第Ⅲ颅神经分支受影响,表现为睁眼无力,一侧或双侧眼裂变小,重者完全睑下垂〔342/500例〕。
*眼球肌无力-第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ颅神经受影响,第Ⅵ多见,表现复视〔26/500例〕。
*语言肌无力-第Ⅸ、Ⅹ颅神经受影响,表现说话无力、多说话后声音低微、沙哑、构音不清、如延髓麻痹样鼻音〔62/500例〕。
*咀嚼肌无力-第Ⅴ颅神经受影响,使咬肌、颞肌、翼外肌、翼内肌无力及轻度萎缩,表现面颊双侧不对称、张口时下颌向病侧移、经常牙咬舌及颊部粘膜、下颌下垂闭合无力〔120/500例〕。
*吞咽肌无力-第Ⅸ、Ⅹ颅神经受影响,表现嗓子发堵、咽部异物感、吐之不出吞之不下〔又称梅核气〕、喝水发呛、重者完全不能吞咽需靠鼻饲、饮水时从鼻腔流出、流涎〔182/500例〕。
*面肌无力-第Ⅶ颅神经受影响,表现双侧鼻唇沟浅、表情呆板呈面具样脸。
*颈项肌无力-脊髓颈神经运动支受影响,表现头部前倾不能抬起、头位歪斜。
*呼吸肌无力-脊髓胸神经运动支受影响,表现肋间肌无力、胸式呼吸微弱或消失、气短、气憋、常需补充深呼吸或叹气样呼吸、有的病人在睡眠中憋醒觉呼吸不能、精神紧张需喘息半小时才逐渐恢复、不敢睡眠,重者需用呼吸机可危及生命〔222/500例〕。
*四肢无力-颈髓皮质脊髓束受影响,表现一、二、三、四肢无力、二肢无力可表现为双上肢、双下肢、一侧上下肢。常见为双下肢比双上肢重,有的呈远心端无力如腕踝以下、手拿碗筷易于坠落、写字无力、急性期可见到高位截瘫〔227/500例〕。
*猝倒症-脑干皮质脊髓束、额桥束及网状结构受影响,表现当头位改变时出现猝倒,病人感觉全身肌肉突然无力而倒地,但意识清楚,个别病人可有短时间睡眠样发作,瞬间即醒,可因光刺激和眼前有快速幌动物体而诱发,无肌肉抽动和肌紧张,可与癫痫相鉴别。发作后自己起身寻找周围有无他人推倒自己。有的学者认为是一种短暂的睡眠发作。作者考虑猝倒发生的可能性为:当头位变化时,RAS患者的椎-基底动脉突然缺血加重,引起脑干的额桥束、皮质脊髓束及网状结构、中脑动眼神经核〔加上光、晃动物体刺激〕等的缺血加上光、晃动物体刺激而发生的短暂连锁反应。作者在临床上见到不少有猝倒史的病人,检查均有RAS的存在,经手法复位治疗后,猝倒现象消失不再发作,印证了这种考虑。
常见症状:四肢近端及躯干无力、口干
肌无力症状比癌肿症状先出现,表现为四肢近端和躯干无力,下肢症状比上肢严重,短暂用力收缩后肌力增强,而持续收缩后肌力反而减弱,呈现出病态疲劳的现象。一般不累及眼肌与延髓支配的肌肉,近年来报道延髓症状较前有增多,但其发生率远低于重症肌无力。呼吸肌力弱需人工呼吸不常见。
腱反射特别是下肢反射经常减弱或消失,但运动后腱反射可恢复。少数患者可有肢体感觉异常和疼痛。可出现自主神经功能异常,表现为口干、无力等。在一些患者中可以见到LEMS与亚急性小脑变性和脑脊髓炎伴随发展。
肌无力症状比癌肿症状先出现,表现为四肢近端和躯干无力,下肢症状比上肢严重,短暂用力收缩后肌力增强,而持续收缩后肌力反而减弱
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