推荐回答(1个)
薄荷别名苏薄荷、南薄荷,为唇形科植物薄荷,以全草入药,具有疏散风热、清利头目、理气解郁等功效。主治风热感冒、头痛目赤、咽痛、牙痛、皮肤瘙痒等症。我国为薄荷主产国,产量居世界首位,主产于江苏。此外,江西、河南、安徽、云南、四川等省有产。现广为栽培。
植物形态
。
多年生草本,高50cm~80cm,全株具有浓烈的清凉香味。茎基部稍倾斜向上直立,四棱形,被长柔毛。单叶对生,长圆形或长圆状披针形,边缘具尖锯齿,两面有疏柔毛,下面有腺鳞。轮伞花序腋生,花小,淡紫红色,花冠二唇形。小坚果长圆形,藏于宿存萼内。花期7月~10月,果期9月~11月。
生长习性
薄荷适应性较强,在海拔300米~1000米地区种植,其油和薄荷脑含量较高。喜温暖湿润环境,生长最适温度20℃~30℃,当气温降至零下2℃左右,植株开始枯萎,但地下根状茎耐寒性较强。
薄荷属长日照植物。性喜阳光充足,现蕾开花期要求日照充足和干燥天气,可提高含油、脑量。如后期雨水过多,则易徒长,叶片薄,植株下部易落叶,病害亦多。性喜中性土壤,PH值6.5~7.5的砂壤土、壤土和腐殖质土均可种植。薄荷喜肥,尤以氮肥为主,忌连作。
繁殖
1.根茎繁殖 10月下旬至11月上旬,在整平的畦面上,按行距25cm~30cm横向开沟,深1Ocm,然后从留种地里挖起根茎,选色白、粗壮、间节短的切成长约10cm的小段,随即按株距15cm栽入沟内。栽后施稀薄粪水,覆细土,耙平压实,一般每亩用白嫩新根茎100kg左右。
2.秧苗繁殖 选生长良好、品种统一、无病虫害的田块作留种地。秋季收割后,立即中耕、除草和追肥一次。翌年4月~5月间,当苗高15cm时拔秧移栽,移植地按行距20cm,株距15crn挖穴,每穴栽秧苗2株。栽后盖土压紧,再施以稀薄人畜粪水定根。移栽以“清明”前进行为宜,可提高产叶量和增加产油、脑量。不宜推迟到“端午”后,否则产量低。
种植技术
1.选地、整地、施肥 宜选土壤肥沃、地势平坦、排灌方便、阳光充足、2年~3年内未种过薄荷的壤土或砂壤土,过酸或过碱性土壤和瘠薄的砂土以及日光不足、易旱易涝的土地均不宜种植。种植前深耕细作,每亩施入2500kg左右的腐熟厩肥、堆肥或土杂肥作基肥,然后做宽1.5m、深15cm的高畦,开好排水沟,沟宽30cm~40cm。
2.田间管理
(1)被苗 在4月上旬移栽后,苗高10cm时,进行补苗,保持株距在15cm左右,即每亩留苗2万株~3万株。
(2)中耕除草 3月~4月间中耕除草3次。因薄荷根系集中于土层15cm处,地下根状茎集中在土层10cm处,故中耕宜浅不宜深。第一次收割后,再浅锄一遍,并清理排水沟。
(3)追肥 一般4次,第一次在2月虫苗时,每亩施粪水1000kg,促使幼苗生长。第二次在苗高15cm左右时,每亩施粪水1500kg或碳酸氢铵20kg,行间开沟深施,施后覆土。第三次在薄荷第一次收割后,每亩施浓粪水1500kg加饼肥50kg,促使割后早发棵,以提高产量。第四次在9月上旬,苗高30cm时,每亩施粪水1000kg。除施足氮肥外,还需配合施用适量的磷钾肥。
(4)排灌 7月~8月出现高温干燥以及伏旱天气,要及时灌溉抗旱。在春季多雨及夏季梅雨季节,应疏通排水沟,及时排除积水。
病虫害防治
1.薄荷锈病 病原是真菌中一种担子菌,危害叶和茎。在5月~6月间连续阴雨或过于干旱时易发病。开始在叶背出现橙黄色、粉状的夏孢子堆,后期发生黑褐色、粉状的冬孢子堆。发病严重时,叶片枯萎脱落,以致全株枯死。防治方法:用300倍液敌诱钠或1∶1∶200波尔多液喷雾。收获前20天停止喷药。
2.薄荷斑枯病 又称白星病,病原是真菌中一种半知菌,危害叶部。5月~10月间发生,叶部病斑小圆形、暗绿色,以后逐渐扩大变为灰暗褐色,中心灰白色,呈白星状,上生黑色小点,逐渐枯萎、脱落。防治方法:①发现病叶及时摘除烧毁;②发病初期喷1∶1∶200波尔多液或65%代森锌可湿性粉剂500倍液喷洒。收割前20天内停止喷药。
3.小地老虎 属鳞翅夜蛾科,危害叶和花蕾。以幼虫咬死叶片,造成孔洞。防治方法:用90%敌百虫原粉800倍液或500%杀螟松100倍液喷雾。收割前20天内停止用药。
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