蔺相如完璧归赵的故事是怎样的?

2025-01-26 01:01:38
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

赵惠文王时,赵国得到了楚国一块价值连城的“和氏璧”。这件事被秦昭王知道了,他就派出使臣带了一封信给赵王,提出愿以秦的十五座城换取“和氏璧”。不过,秦昭王的出价并不是真心的,他既想白白得到这个传世珍宝,又想以此为借口,试探一下赵国,以达进一步侵略之目的。

赵惠文王看出了秦昭王的图谋,就召集大将军廉颇等诸大臣商量对策。计议结果认为:如果同意秦昭王的要求,把璧送去,恐怕秦不会真正让出十五座城,白受欺辱;如不同意吧,秦国肯定借口出兵来打。因为想不出一个好的计策,所以想派个人出使秦国,但谁也不愿去。

赵惠文王十六年(前283年),蔺相如受命出使秦国。秦昭王很傲慢,他恃强凌弱,不把赵国派来的使臣看在眼里。他故意不按接见使节的常规在宫廷里以礼接待蔺相如,而是在一个游乐的地方——章台上会见,而且两边还坐着歌舞女,态度极不严肃。蔺相如看在眼里,气在心中。但又无可奈何,只好先将玉璧呈递给秦王。不想秦王接过璧后,视若儿戏,随手把玉璧交给美女们传看,并哈哈大笑,左右则高呼万岁。相如等了好一会儿,秦昭王仍只字不提交城的事。相如心里明白了,秦王根本无意交城,当即心生一计,趋步上前对秦王说:“玉璧有瑕疵,请让我指点给大王看。”秦昭王不知是计,即把璧递给相如。相如接过璧,快步退到台柱旁边,气愤之极,怒发冲冠,对秦王说:“大王欲得璧,使人发书至赵王,赵王悉召群臣议,皆曰:‘秦贪,负其强,以空言求璧,偿城恐不可得。’议不欲予秦璧。臣以为布衣之交尚不相欺,况大国乎!且以一璧之故,逆强秦之欢,不可。于是赵王乃斋戒五日,使臣奉璧,拜送书于庭。何者?严大国之威以修敬也。今臣至,大王见臣列观(普通地方),礼节甚倨(傲慢);得璧,传之美人,以戏弄臣。臣观大王无意偿赵王城邑,故臣复取璧。大王必欲急臣,臣头今与璧俱碎于柱矣!”并以目视柱,表示立即要碰过去。

秦昭王被蔺相如突如其来的举动和大义凛然的言辞震住了,他怕蔺相如与璧同归于尽,赶忙改变态度,和颜悦色地请相如不要那样,并立即让掌图籍的官拿来地图,装模作样地在地图上指指点点,划出了十五座城给予赵国。蔺相如心里明白,这是秦昭王为了得璧玩弄的又一个欺诈花招,地图上划给赵,实际是不会给赵的。蔺相如为了稳住秦王,不把事情弄僵,于是不直言点破,而是换了一种策略。他对秦王说:“和氏璧,天下之共传宝也。赵王恐,不敢不献。赵王送璧时,斋戒五日,今大王亦应斋戒五日,设九宾于廷(朝廷正殿),臣乃敢上璧。”秦王思虑了半天,不敢强夺,无可奈何,只得答应相如的要求,并把相如安置到设备高级的广成宾馆住下。

蔺相如预料到秦王虽答应斋戒,但他在和氏璧到手后,一定会推翻约定,不交城池给赵王。因此悄悄地派跟随来的手下人,穿着麻布短衫,打扮成秦国平民,怀里藏着和氏璧,从小路上逃回赵国去了。

秦昭王恃强傲慢而自负,所以,他料不到蔺相如的才智。于是他乖乖地斋戒了五日,并以极其隆重的仪式,设九宾于宫廷正殿,请蔺相如上殿献璧,满以为自己将要如愿以偿。结果又落了一场空。

蔺相如智高一筹,勇冠秦廷,终于不辱使命,“完璧归赵”。

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