蜜蜂养殖的基本知识,养殖密度怎么控制

2025-02-06 06:59:17
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

  养殖蜜蜂需要具备哪些条件
  一、场地条件
  场地周围2.5公里的半径范围内应具有充足的主要蜜源和辅助蜜粉源,而且主辅蜜粉源应搭配适宜;场地宜选择在南向的近山坡地,阳光充足,背有高山为屏,上有自然遮荫,夏季通南风,冬季阻北风,且土质肥沃,蜜源植物生长旺盛,花期长,水量充足,交通较便利。
  二、蜂群的选购
  1、购买时间:北方宜在4~5月份,此时正当蜂群繁殖期,挑选比较稳定,且外界环境好,饲养易成功。
  2、挑选方法:在巢门口观察,凡是工蜂出入勤奋,采集蜂带花粉比例较多的,一般是有生气的好群。然后开箱检查,如工蜂安静不惊慌,说明性情温顺;如蜂王体大。足粗,身高胸宽、腹部长而丰满、全身密披绒毛、产卵灵活迅速而不惊慌,说明蜂王年轻健壮,产卵力强。
  3、蜂群的排列:依场地大小、养蜂多少和季节情况而定。有四种排列方式:单箱排列,双箱排列、交错排列、三箱排列
  三、饲养
  1、补助饲养:即在蜜源缺乏时所进行的人工饲喂。其方法有:①补饲蜂蜜。可用蜂蜜加温水二成稀释(结晶蜂蜜,需稍加水煮溶)。稀释后的蜂蜜,可采用灌脾的方法或者倒人框式饲养器内饲喂蜜蜂。②补饲糖浆。糖浆是以白糖加水五成,经加热充分溶解后凉至微温,最好在糖浆中加入0.1%的柠檬酸,以利于消化和吸收,此时不宜用红糖。
  2、奖励饲养:在蜂群繁殖期和蜜蜂生产期所进行的人工饲喂。一般给少量60%蜜液或50%的糖浆,早春时隔日1次,以后消耗增加,可每天1次,时间从流蜜期前40天起,直到外界有大量蜜粉采人为止。每框蜂每次奖励50~100克糖浆即可。
  3、饲喂花粉:目的是补充蛋白质饲料。在越冬后期及早春,补给前一年秋季保存下来的花粉,也可用黄豆粉代替。饲喂方法如下:
  (1)液喂。将花粉加糖浆10倍,煮沸,待凉后放人饲养器内饲喂。
  (2)饼喂。将花粉或代用花粉加等量蜂蜜或糖浆,充分搅拌均匀,做成饼状,外包塑料纸,两端开口,置于框梁上供蜜蜂采食。此法遇寒流时,经常采用。
  4.饲喂水分及盐类:①水分。一般每一蜂群每天需采水200~300毫升。在饲养器内盛水或在纱盖上放湿毛巾,供自行采水。②盐类。在糖浆中加入l%的食盐即可。
  四、管理
  1、春季管理:①促进蜜蜂飞翔排泄。巢中央温度提高到33~35℃,要有足够的蜜粉源或奖励饲养,及时打开箱盖和保温物,使其出巢飞翔排泄。②蜂巢的保温。排泄后即进入繁殖期,必须采取人工保温。紧缩蜂巢,密集群势。多群同箱饲养,箱内、外保温,北方直到4~5月份。
  2、流蜜期的管理:①初期调整和组织好采蜜群。②保持强群采蜜。控制蜂王产卵,可用隔王板将蜂王限制在巢箱的一区或巢箱中。断子取蜜,可在大流蜜期前5天,从采蜜群中提出蜂王和1~2张脾蜂另组小群,第二天给采蜜群诱人一个成熟王台,可大大提高产蜜量。注意小群管理。对于那些不能采蜜的弱群,应创造条件,促使群势迅速发展。在适当采蜜的前提下,要抓好繁殖,以便补充群势。
  3、秋季管理:①培育新王,更换老劣王。②培育适龄的越冬蜂。适龄越冬蜂系指在越冬前羽化出房,仅进行过二三次排泄飞翔,没有做过哺育和采集工作,未分泌过王浆的幼蜂。为了使越冬蜂能安全越冬,必须控制流蜜期以后出生的幼蜂出生,以保谭蜂群的群势。控制的方法是在流蜜期肋一定时候迫使蜂王停止产卵。③适时早断子。在培育越冬蜂的后期,先采取蜜粉压脾,用蜂蜜浇2~3次,这样蜂王就会停产,同时将蜂群搬到阴冷的地方,将蜂路扩大1倍,并从蜂巢中提出花粉脾,撤出保温物,即可提早断子。
  4、冬季管理:①调节巢门。巢门高6~7毫米,宽60~70毫米为宜。②防蜂蜜结晶。加强保温,或由巢门向箱内塞一些湿棉花球,以减少通风。③北方室内越冬。应在水结冰,大地未积雪之前人室,人室时,蜂箱在室内应离墙20厘米,第一层离地40厘米。室温保持在0~2℃,湿度保持在75~80%之间。

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