python是函数式编程语言吗

2024-10-31 07:38:54
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

函数式编程是使用一系列函数去解决问题,按照一般编程思维,面对问题时我们的思考方式是“怎么干”,而函数函数式编程的思考方式是我要“干什么”。 至于函数式编程的特点暂不总结,我们直接拿例子来体会什么是函数式编程。

lambda表达式(匿名函数):

普通函数与匿名函数的定义方式:

#普通函数
def add(a,b):
return a + b

print add(2,3)

#匿名函数
add = lambda a,b : a + b
print add(2,3)

#========输出===========
5
5

  匿名函数的命名规则,用lamdba 关键字标识,冒号(:)左侧表示函数接收的参数(a,b) ,冒号(:)右侧表示函数的返回值(a+b)。

  因为lamdba在创建时不需要命名,所以,叫匿名函数^_^

Map函数:

计算字符串长度

abc = ['com','fnng','cnblogs']

for i in range(len(abc)):
print len(abc[i])

#========输出===========
3
4
7

定义abc字符串数组,计算abc长度然后循环输出数组中每个字符串的长度。

来看看map()函数是如何来实现这个过程的。

abc_len = map(len,['hao','fnng','cnblogs'])

print abc_len

#========输出===========
[3, 4, 7]

虽然,输出的结果中是一样的,但它们的形式不同,第一种是单纯的数值了,map()函数的输出仍然保持了数组的格式。

大小写转换;

python提供有了,upper() 和 lower() 来转换大小写。

#大小写转换
ss='hello WORLD!'
print ss.upper() #转换成大写
print ss.lower() #转换成小写

#========输出===========
HELLO WORLD!
hello world!

通过map()函数转换:

def to_lower(item):
return item.lower()

name = map(to_lower,['cOm','FNng','cnBLoGs'])
print name

#========输出===========
['com', 'fnng', 'cnblogs']

  这个例子中我们可以看到,我们写义了一个函数toUpper,这个函数没有改变传进来的值,只是把传进来的值做个简单的操作,然后返回。然后,我们把其用在map函数中,就可以很清楚地描述出我们想要干什么。

再来看看普通的方式是如何实现字符串大小写转换的:

abc = ['cOm','FNng','cnBLoGs']
lowname = []

for i in range(len(abc)):
lowname.append(abc[i].lower())

print lowname

#========输出===========
['hao', 'fnng', 'cnblogs']

map()函数加上lambda表达式(匿名函数)可以实现更强大的功能。

#求平方
#0*0,1*1,2*2,3*3,....8*8
squares = map(lambda x : x*x ,range(9))
print squares

#========输出===========
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64]

Reduce函数:

def add(a,b):
return a+b

add = reduce(add,[2,3,4])
print add

#========输出===========
9

  对于Reduce函数每次是需要对两个数据进行处理的,首选取2 和3 ,通过add函数相加之后得到5,接着拿5和4 ,再由add函数处理,最终得到9 。

  在前面map函数例子中我们可以看到,map函数是每次只对一个数据进行处理。

  然后,我们发现通过Reduce函数加lambda表达式式实现阶乘是如何简单:

#5阶乘
#5!=1*2*3*4*5
print reduce(lambda x,y: x*y, range(1,6))

#========输出===========
120

  Python中的除了map和reduce外,还有一些别的如filter, find, all, any的函数做辅助(其它函数式的语言也有),可以让你的代码更简洁,更易读。 我们再来看一个比较复杂的例子:

#计算数组中正整数的值

number =[2, -5, 9, -7, 2, 5, 4, -1, 0, -3, 8]
count = 0
sum = 0

for i in range(len(number)):
if number[i]>0:
count += 1
sum += number[i]

print sum,count

if count>0:
average = sum/count

print average

#========输出===========
30 6
5

如果用函数式编程,这个例子可以写成这样:

number =[2, -5, 9, -7, 2, 5, 4, -1, 0, -3, 8]

sum = filter(lambda x: x>0, number)

average = reduce(lambda x,y: x+y, sum)/len(sum)

print average

#========输出===========
5

最后我们可以看到,函数式编程有如下好处:

1)代码更简单了。
2)数据集,操作,返回值都放到了一起。
3)你在读代码的时候,没有了循环体,于是就可以少了些临时变量,以及变量倒来倒去逻辑。
4)你的代码变成了在描述你要干什么,而不是怎么去干。

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