英语小问题！

定语从句
●关系词的意义及作用
定语从句是中学阶段英语语法中十分重要的一个语法项目。它在句子中出现的频率很高。对正确理解句子的意义起着举足轻重的作用。定语从句分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词后面，所以如果在名词或代词后面出现一个从句，根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否是定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用：
一、引导定语从句。
二、代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
理解和牢记这两条概念，弄清楚关系词在定语从句充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句的关键。
●关系词的选用与判断
在前一节中我们讲到正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的什么成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
说
明
that
人/物
人/物
√
×
√
不能用于非限定性从句
which
物
物
×
×
√
who
人
×
×
×
×
whom
×
人
×
×
×
whose
×
×
×
人/物
×
when
×
×
×
×
√
where
×
×
×
×
√
why
×
×
×
×
√
as
主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as,
the
same…as,
as…as,结构中。
二、关系词的选用
1.先行词为all,everything,nothing等不定代词，代替物时，定语从句that用引导。
注：something后一般用which。
Is
there
anything
that
you
want
to
explain?
In
1898
they
declared
that
they
believed
there
was
something
in
nature
which
gave
out
radiation.
2.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only,very,none,no,little,few,much等修饰时定语从句用that引导。
This
is
the
only
reason
that
I
can
say.
This
is
the
first
step
that
can
be
taken.
It
is
the
best
one
that
you
may
choose.
3.way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：a.在比较正式的文体中用in
which；b.一般情况下用that；c.in
which和that省去。
a.I
was
struck
by
the
beauty
of
the
way
in
which
she
stood.
It
was
clear
that
the
speaker
now
trusted
Tom
from
the
way
in
which
these
words
were
said.
b.Lincoin
asked
the
people
to
think
of
slavery
in
the
way
that
these
men
did.
Mary,there
is
one
way
that
you
could
stop
others
talking
about
you
and
criticizing
you.
c.That’s
the
way
I
looked
at
it.
The
assistant
who
served
her
did
not
like
the
way
she
was
dressed.
4.先行词是表示地点的名词时（country,school,room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
The
room
where(=in
which)he
used
to
live
has
now
been
turned
into
a
museum.
The
desk
where(=on
which)I
put
my
bag
is
his.
This
is
the
school
where(=in
which)I
joined
the
Party.
关系词的选用与判断（续）
5.先行词是表示时间的名词（year,month,day,night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
在掌握第4、第5条时应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。
①那就是他工作的大学。
┏
at
which
he
works.
┣
which
he
works
at.
That
is
the
college
┣
where
he
works.
┣
that
he
works
at.
┗
he
works
at.
②它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。
┏
on
which
he
was
born
┣
which
he
was
born
on
The
day
┣
when
he
was
born
was
Aug.20,1952.
┣
that
he
was
born
on
┗
he
was
born
on
6.
除了第4、第5条中when，where可以用介词＋关系词这种用法外。还有其他情况也可以用这种结构。即：介词＋which。或介词＋whom。请看下面例句：
This
is
the
classmate
with
whom
I’ll
go
to
the
cinema.
The
subject
in
which
I’m
most
interested
is
English.
We
can
see
the
method
by
which
the
computer
works.
在这种结构中，介词与先行词组成短语，在从句中充当句子成分，因此介词的选用时受到一定限制的，仍然根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
三、关于as引导定语从句的问题
as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the
same…as，such…as，as…as的结构中。
1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。
He
married
the
girl，as(which)was
natural.
He
seemed
a
freigner,as(which)in
fact
he
was.
不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。
As
was
natural,
he
married
the
girl.
2.在the
same…as,such…as,as…as结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。
We
are
facing
the
same
problems
as
we
did
years
ago.
Some
people
have
no
doubt
that
their
cat
understands
as
many
words
as
a
dog
does.
We
hope
to
get
such
a
tool
as
he
is
using.
这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成：
We
are
facing
the
problems
which
we
faced
years
ago.
Some
people
have
no
doubt
that
their
cat
understands
the
words
which
a
dog
understands.
We
hope
to
get
the
tool
which
he
is
using.
3.the
same…as与the
same…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。是比较：
This
is
the
same
watch
as
I
lost.
这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）
This
is
the
same
watch
that
I
lost.
这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）
●注意事项
1.一般说来，除了用定语从句解释名词或泛指外，先行词前应有定冠词the。
2.在限制性定语从句中which,whom,that充当宾语时，可以省略。而在非限制性定语从句中whom,who,which不能省略。
3.在含有非限制性定语从句的复合句中从句与主句之间应该用逗号隔开。
4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。
He
expressed
the
hope
that
he
has
had
for
many
years.
hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此时同位语从句。
5.the
reason
why(=for
which)是由why或for
which引导的定语从句。而the
reason
that也是that引导的定语从句。that往往省略。
This
is
the
reason
why
he
was
late.
=This
is
the
reason
(that)he
was
late.
6.当主句中有who,which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免who…who,which…which等重叠，定语从句用that引导。
Who
is
the
man
that
is
standing
by
the
door?
Which
of
the
two
cows
that
you
keep
produces
more
milk?
7.先行词为人和物作并列成分时，定语从句用that引导。
John
and
his
dog
that
were
here
a
moment
ago
disappear
now.
8.不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常省掉。
He
is
no
longer
the
man
that
he
was.
9.“one
of＋可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中,谓语动词应用复数；而“one
of＋可数名词复数”前有the，only或the
only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。
He
is
one
of
the
students
who
study
very
hard
at
school.
He
is
the(only/the
only)
one
of
the
students
who
studies
very
hard
at
school.

1.respect for sb和 respect sb都是尊敬某人的意思。respect for sb中
respect为名词，respect sb中respect为及物动词。have respect for sb 尊敬某人的意思，have 为及物动词，respect为名词。respect sb for (doing) sth 因做某事而尊敬某人。
2.comtinue to do sth 指继续做中断过的同一件事；continue doing sth 指
指继续做中断过或未中断过的同一件事。
3.go on to do sth 指继续做另一件不同的事；go on doing sth 继续做未中断过的同一件事。 keep on doing 不断做某事或继续做某事，其动作之间可以
略有停顿。 keep on to do sth 指继续做另一件不同的事。

这是一个关于非谓语动词的问题。
1.现就题论题，你问are后面为什么加V-ing，这句话的翻译是“其他最喜欢的爱好是读书和唱歌”，但是read和sing是动词，不能直接加在are后，因为一个简单句只能有一个动词，所以变成reading和singing，这样的词叫动名词，由动词加ing转化而来，但起名词的作用。
2.非谓语动词有三种：不定式，V-ing，V-ed。V-ing一般表示正在进行的或固有的性质与状态，V-ed一般表示已经进行完了的或含有被动意义的，不定式一般表示目的或将要进行的。
3.给你几个例子：Our
aim
is
to
get
the
apple.(表目的）The
plane
is
to
fly.（表将来）
The
dog
is
running.(正在进行）He
is
promising
man.(状态与性质）
unfinished
work（被动）developed
countries（完成）
4.love+V-ing，这是固定搭配
5.成分的问题前面答得很好，不再重答。
6.非谓语动词很难，我讲的只是大概，建议你去找专业的语法书再学，推荐一本：星火英语高中版，上面很详细，希望你这回可以明白。

turn
off
(把…)关掉
The
tap
won't
turn
off
and
there
is
water
all
over
the
floor.
水龙头关不上,
满地都是水。
转向;
拐弯
The
road
to
Watts
turns
off
here.
去瓦茨的路从这里拐弯。
完成
I
turned
off
a
good
piece
of
work
this
morning.
今天上午我完成了一件令人满意的工作。
(使某人)感到厌烦
Half
the
crowd
turned
off
when
the
speaker
began
talking
about
pop
music.
讲话人开始谈起流行音乐时,
一半听众兴味索然。
解雇,
辞退
I
have
turned
off
my
maid.
我已把女仆辞了。

I
句子成分
句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。
英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
基本句型一：
S
V
（主＋谓）
基本句型二：
S
V
P
（主＋谓＋表）
基本句型三：
S
V
O
（主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四：
S
V
o
O
（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五：
S
V
O
C
（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）