推荐回答(4个)
有两种方法,具体如下:
(一)直接认定法
直接认定法是指对于直接用于某种商品的期间费用在发生时就直接认定由某种商品负担的方法。能够直接认定的费用通常为直接费用,集中在营业费用中,如进货运杂费、装卸费、整理费、包装费、检验费、商品损耗等。采用直接认定法可以在营业费用的各个子目中按商品的品名、规格设置细目。当发生直接费用时,直接予以认定,记入营业费用有关的子目和细目中去。
【例】环球服装进出口公司以银行存款支付购进2 000套男西服的运杂费1 200元,装卸费150元。作分录如下:
借:营业费用——进货运杂费——男西服 1 200
营业费用——装卸费——男西服 150
贷:银行存款 1 350
(二)比例分摊法
比例分摊法是指对于间接费用以及用于多种商品的直接费用,按照一定的比例分摊到销售商品中去的方法。比例分摊法通常在期末进行分摊,为了使各种商品负担的期间费用合理,外贸企业可以采用不同的分摊标准进行分摊。
1.按商品销售收入的比例分摊
这一分摊标准适用于与商品销售收入关系密切的费用项目,如营业费用中的差旅费、展览费、广告费、经营人员工资及福利费、邮电费、进出口商品累计佣金等,管理费用中的业务招待费、董事会会费、工会经费、职工教育经费、住房公积费等。其计算公式如下:
费用分摊率=本期某项费用发生额/本期商品销售收入×100%
某种商品应分摊的费用=本期该种商品销售收入×费用公摊率
【例】环球服装进出口公司1月份为男西服和女时装两类商品共支付广告费9 000元,1月份男西服和女时装的销售收入分别为200 000元和160 000元,分摊本月份的广告费如下:
费用分摊率=9000/(200000+160000)×100%=2.5%
男西服应分摊广告费=200 000×2.5%=5 000(元)
女时装应分摊广告费=160 000×2.5%=4 000(元)
根据分摊的结果,作分录如下:
借:营业费用——广告费——男西服 5 000
营业费用——广告费——女时装 4 000
贷:营业费用——广告费 9000
2.按商品销售收入和库存商品平均余额的比例分摊
这一分摊标准适用于与占用企业资金多少关系密切的费用项目,如财务费用中的利息支出。其计算公式如下:
费用分摊率=本期某项费用发生额/(本期商品销售成本+库存商品平均余额)×100%
库存商品平均余额= ×(库存商品期初余额+库存商品期末余额)
某种商品应分摊的费用=(本期商品销售成本+库存商品平均余额)×费用分摊率
3.按库存商品平均余额的比例分摊
这一分摊标准适用于与库存商品关系密切的费用项目,如营业费用中的保管费。其计算公交如下:
费用分摊率=本期某项目发生额/库存商品平均余额×100%
某种商品应分摊的费用=本期该种商品平均余额×费用分摊率
此外,还有其他分摊标准,如多种商品共同发生的进货运杂费、装卸费,可以按商品重量的比例分摊;计提的坏账准备可按销售商品发生的应收账款的期末余额比例分摊等。
对于确定可以对象化到具体产品的销售费用
会在发生时直接计入生产成本
销售费用科目下的为间接费用
直接作为利润的减项
不需分摊进具体产品
销售费用属于期间费用,不需要分摊到具体的产品中,直接在损益表中销售费用列示。产品成本在售出时计入营业成本。
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