蛋白质多肽链N端测定的方法及基本原理

2025-01-22 22:06:20
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

1 多肽链的拆分。由多条多肽链组成的蛋白质分子,必须先进行拆分。几条多肽链借助非共价键连接在一起,称为寡聚蛋白质,如,血红蛋白为四聚体,烯醇化酶为二聚体;可用8mol/L尿素或6mol/L盐酸胍处理,即可分开多肽链(亚基).
2 测定蛋白质分子中多肽链的数目。通过测定末端氨基酸残基的摩尔数与蛋白质分子量之间的关系,即可确定多肽链的数目。
3 二硫键的断裂。几条多肽链通过二硫键交联在一起,可在8mol/L尿素或6mol/L盐酸胍存在下,用过量的-巯基乙醇处理,使二硫键还原为巯基,然后用烷基化试剂保护生成的巯基,以防止它重新被氧化。
二硫键的切割与保护(元素后数字为下标)
a 过甲酸〔performic acid〕 不可逆
-CH2SO3H
b、还原+氧化 不可逆
[ 巯基乙醇,DTT ] + 碘乙酸等
-S-CH2-COOH
c、亚硫酸分解〔Sulfitolysis〕 可逆
-R1-S-S-R2 + HSO3-
R1-S- + R2-S-SOH3
可以通过加入盐酸胍的方法解离多肽链之间的非共价力;应用过甲酸氧化法或巯基还原法拆分多肽链间的二硫键。
巯基(-SH)的保护4 测定每条多肽链的氨基酸组成,并计算出氨基酸成分的分子比(如右图)
5 分析多肽链的N-末端和C-末端
多肽链端基氨基酸分为两类:N-端氨基酸(amino-terminal)和C-端氨基酸(Carboxyl-terminal) 。在肽链氨基酸顺序分析中,最重要的是N-端氨基酸分析法。N末端分析法(Sanger法;Edman法;DNS-Cl;酶降解法),C末端分析法(肼解法;酶降解法;硼氢化锂法)。
6 多肽链断裂成多个肽段。可采用两种或多种不同的断裂方法将多肽样品断裂成两套或多套肽段或肽碎片,并将其分离开来。
7 测定每个肽段的氨基酸顺序
8 确定肽段在多肽链中的次序。
利用两套或多套肽段的氨基酸顺序彼此间的交错重叠,拼凑出整条多肽链的氨基酸顺序。
9 确定原多肽链中二硫键的位置
一般采用胃蛋白酶处理没有断开二硫键的多肽链,再利用双向电泳技术分离出各个肽段,用过甲酸处理后,将可能含有二硫键的肽段进行组成及顺序分析,然后同其它方法分析的肽段进行比较,确定二硫键的位置。

回答2:

1.甲醛滴定法:氨基酸氨基的PKa值较小,羧基的PKa值较大,若用滴定法测定氨基或羧基竭力释放出的H+,均找不到合适的试剂。但若加入甲醛溶液中,氨基酸中的氨基作为亲和试剂与甲醛中的羧基发生加成反应,使氨基酸氨基的PKa下降,以酚酞为指示剂,用NaOH滴定测定游离氨基的含量。
2. 2,4-二硝基氟苯的反应 氨基酸的α-氨基与. 2,4-二硝基氟苯在弱碱性溶液中作用,生成稳定的. 2,4-二硝基氟苯氨基酸,呈黄色。
3.丹磺酰氯DNS-CL 氨基酸的α-氨基与..丹磺酰氯DNS-CL 生成的5-二甲氨基萘磺酰氨基酸有强烈的荧光,可以荧光光度计检测出来。
4.与异硫氰酸苯酯反应 在在弱碱性条件下,氨基酸的α-氨基与异硫氰酸苯酯反应,生成相应的苯氨基硫甲酰氨基酸,与酸作用会环化为苯硫乙内酰脲,在酸中较稳定。生成的苯氨基硫甲酰氨基酸经乙酸乙酯抽提干,用层析法进行鉴定,确定N端氨基酸的种类。

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