推荐回答(3个)
一楼的答案不对。首先,“神道”一词最早出现于中国典籍《易经·观》。汉文“神道”于奈良时代(710-784)传入日本,也就是在佛教传入日本之后,日本仅仅是借用“神道”这一词语符号的外形,然后赋予它日本文化特色的内涵。在
成书于《日本书纪》之前的《古事记》(711年)已近出现了与“神道”一词同意的“本教”“神习”。《日本书纪》还有“神教”、“德教”、“大道”、“古道”之称。再从《续日本纪》(797年)之后,日本人基本开始比较规范地使用“神道”一词了。
楼主说“当地的宗教势力为了抗衡这些,然后才把这些宗教统一起来,并形成神道教”,其中“宗教”一词值得考究,在“神道教”这一日本本土宗教之前,日本并未出现严格意义上的宗教,只有对于自然精灵崇拜与祖先崇拜的“原始信仰”,神道教正是源于此。神道原始形态的真正形成,同日本过农耕文化、水稻耕作息息相关(主要缘由很复杂,偷懒一下略过)。
另,楼主说日本本土信仰为了抗衡外来宗教的入侵才衍生出神道教,这也是十分片面的。神道教正是吸收佛教、儒教、道教等外来宗教文化,才得以有着长足的发展。
神道教也是十分深奥的,楼主若想对其有着深刻的了解,光网上的资料是远远不够的,建议楼主去看看系统性介绍的神道教类书籍。(以上资料参考自刘立善所著《日本神道》)。
道,日本的传统民族宗教,最初以自然崇拜为主,属于泛灵多神信仰(精灵崇拜),视自然界各种动植物为神只
神道起初没有正式的名称,一直到公元5至8世纪,汉传佛教经朝鲜半岛传入日本,渐渐被日本人接受,为了与“佛法”一词分庭抗礼,创造了“神道”一词来区分日本固有的神道与外国传入的佛法。是以在《日本书纪》〈用明天皇纪〉中的“天皇信佛法,尊神道。”句中,首次出现了“神道”这个称呼。“神道”二字虽源自汉字,但实际上对此词的概念在汉语与日语中有所不同。汉字传入日本后,“神”字被用来表示日语中的“かみ”(kami)。日本人称已逝的人之灵魂为“かみ”,亦将认为值得敬拜的山岳及树木、狐狸等动植物的灵称为“かみ”。“かみ”还包括一些令人骇闻的凶神恶煞。其后,人物神的历任天皇、幕府将军、功臣等也渐渐被作为膜拜对象,形成较为完整的体系。
佛教初传入日本时,神道信徒甚为反对。由中国渡来的有力氏族,例如苏我氏,支持佛教。日本本土的氏族,物部氏和中臣氏拥护神道,反对佛教。佛教僧侣具有中国先进的知识,天皇因此支持佛教。一时神道失势,然至8世纪末,佛教僧的权力亢进,天皇欲制佛教的势力,因而神道再度得势,两种宗教逐渐互相混合。至明治时期,百姓等信仰两宗教。于是佛教寺院和神道的神社,两者浑然。例外的是伊势神宫,供奉天皇的祖先,属于古神社。至江户时代末期,国粹的神道理论家宣称,两者不能相混。明治初年,兴“废佛毁释运动”。神道成为国家的宗教。虽明治政府承认信教的自由,但崇拜神道成为日本国民的义务,成为统治国民的手段。当时在日语中称为“国家神道”。
在日本国内约有1亿600万人信仰此教,占日本人口比例近85%。
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