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单片机的外部结构:DIP40双列直插;P0,P1,P2,P3四个8位准双向I/O引脚;(作为I/O输入时,要先输出高电平)电源VCC(PIN40)和地线GND(PIN20);高电平复位RESET(PIN9);(10uF电容接VCC与RESET,即可实现上电复位)内置振荡电路,外部只要接晶体至X1(PIN18)和X0(PIN19);(频率为主频的12倍)程序配置EA(PIN31)接高电平VCC;(运行单片机内部ROM中的程序)P3支持第二功能:RXD、TXD、INT0、INT1、T0、T1单片机内部I/O部件:(所为学习单片机,实际上就是编程控制以下I/O部件,完成指定任务)四个8位通用I/O端口,对应引脚P0、P1、P2和P3;两个16位定时计数器;(TMOD,TCON,TL0,TH0,TL1,TH1)一个串行通信接口;(SCON,SBUF)一个中断控制器;(IE,IP)针对AT89C52单片机,头文件AT89x52.h给出了SFR特殊功能寄存器所有端口的定义。教科书的160页给出了针对MCS51系列单片机的C语言扩展变量类型。C语言编程基础:十六进制表示字节0x5a:二进制为01011010B;0x6E为01101110。如果将一个16位二进数赋给一个8位的字节变量,则自动截断为低8位,而丢掉高8位。++var表示对变量var先增一;var—表示对变量后减一。x|=0x0f;表示为x=x|0x0f;TMOD=(TMOD&0xf0)|0x05;表示给变量TMOD的低四位赋值0x5,而不改变TMOD的高四位。While(1);表示无限执行该语句,即死循环。语句后的分号表示空循环体,也就是{;}在某引脚输出高电平的编程方法:(比如P1.3(PIN4)引脚)#include//该头文档中有单片机内部资源的符号化定义,其中包含P1.3voidmain(void)//void表示没有输入参数,也没有函数返值,这入单片机运行的复位入口{P1_3=1;//给P1_3赋值1,引脚P1.3就能输出高电平VCCWhile(1);//死循环,相当LOOP:gotoLOOP;}注意:P0的每个引脚要输出高电平时,必须外接上拉电阻(如4K7)至VCC电源。在某引脚输出低电平的编程方法:(比如P2.7引脚)#include//该头文档中有单片机内部资源的符号化定义,其中包含P2.7voidmain(void)//void表示没有输入参数,也没有函数返值,这入单片机运行的复位入口。{P2_7=0;//给P2_7赋值0,引脚P2.7就能输出低电平GNDWhile(1);//死循环,相当LOOP:gotoLOOP;}在某引脚输出方波编程方法:(比如P3.1引脚)#include//该头文档中有单片机内部资源的符号化定义,其中包含P3.1voidmain(void)//void表示没有输入参数,也没有函数返值,这入单片机运行的复位入口{While(1)//非零表示真,如果为真则执行下面循环体的语句{P3_1=1;//给P3_1赋值1,引脚P3.1就能输出高电平VCCP3_1=0;//给P3_1赋值0,引脚P3.1就能输出低电平GND}//由于一直为真,所以不断输出高、低、高、低……,从而形成方波}将某引脚的输入电平取反后,从另一个引脚输出:(比如P0.4=NOT(P1.1))#include//该头文档中有单片机内部资源的符号化定义,其中包含P0.4和P1.1voidmain(void)//void表示没有输入参数,也没有函数返值,这入单片机运行的复位入口{P1_1=1;//初始化。P1.1作为输入,必须输出高电平While(1)//非零表示真,如果为真则执行下面循环体的语句{if(P1_1==1)//读取P1.1,就是认为P1.1为输入,如果P1.1输入高电平VCC{P0_4=0;}//给P0_4赋值0,引脚P0.4就能输出低电平GNDelse//否则P1.1输入为低电平GND//{P0_4=0;}//给P0_4赋值0,引脚P0.4就能输出低电平GND{P0_4=1;}//给P0_4赋值1,引脚P0.4就能输出高电平VCC}//由于一直为真,所以不断根据P1.1的输入情况,改变P0.4的输出电平}将某端口8个引脚输入电平,低四位取反后,从另一个端口8个引脚输出:(比如P2=NOT(P3))#include//该头文档中有单片机内部资源的符号化定义,其中包含P2和P3voidmain(void)//void表示没有输入参数,也没有函数返值,这入单片机运行的复位入口{P3=0xff;//初始化。P3作为输入,必须输出高电平,同时给P3口的8个引脚输出高电平While(1)//非零表示真,如果为真则执行下面循环体的语句{//取反的方法是异或1,而不取反的方法则是异或0P2=P3^0x0f//读取P3,就是认为P3为输入,低四位异或者1,即取反,然后输出}//由于一直为真,所以不断将P3取反输出到P2}注意:一个字节的8位D7、D6至D0,分别输出到P3.7、P3.6至P3.0,比如P3=0x0f,则P3.7、P3.6、P3.5、P3.4四个引脚都输出低电平,而P3.3、P3.2、P3.1、P3.0四个引脚都输出高电平。同样,输入一个端口P2,即是将P2.7、P2.6至P2.0,读入到一个字节的8位D7、D6至D0。
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