朱熹提出的"存天理,灭人欲✀✀ 其中的“天理”主要是指什么?
推荐回答(5个)
选c不错。
朱熹的哲学思维是“超验界——经验界”相比照落实的,牟宗三先生说朱熹有一种物理对应的倾向即此。朱子哲学最高理念的天理即是从北宋五子之周濂溪无极而太极来的。无极而太极的渊静落实到经验界就是君主少作为,而与士大夫定国是,共治天下。所以近代以来的学者在接触到西方的君主立宪政体,很容易就拿理学传统的观念来格西方君主立宪政体之义。(比如沈曾植)其实,“存天理,灭人欲”本来是针对君主而言的(朱熹《大学章句序》里拿道统来强调君主修身的重要性)。后来理学意识形态化后,反而变成一种政治话语,成为君主对臣下万民的要求,所以到了清代才有戴东原写《原善》《孟子字义疏证》来反对“以理杀人”。
我选B
“天理” 指的是什么?
“天”指的是什么?“理” 指的是什么?“天理” 指的是什么? 朱熹认为: “天有春夏秋冬,地有金木水火,人有仁义礼智,皆以四者相为用也。” “理者有条理,仁义礼智皆有之。” “大而天地万物,小而起居食息,皆太极阴阳之理也。” “至于一草一木昆虫之微,亦各各有理。” “天地之间,有理有气,理者也,形而上之道也,生物之本也。” “天下万物当然之则便是理。” “世间之物,无不有理,皆须格过。” “天下之理,终而复始,所以恒而不穷。恒,非一定之谓也,一定则不能恒矣。惟随时变异,乃常道也。天地常久之道,天下常久之理。非知道者孰能识之?” “有此理,便有此天地;若无此理,便亦无天地,无人无物,都无该载了!有理,便有气流行,发育万物。” “理只是这一个。道理则同,其分不同。君臣有君臣之理,父子有父子之理。” “理,只是一个理。理举著,全无欠阙。且如言著仁,则都在仁上;言著诚,则都在诚上;言著忠恕,则都在忠恕上;言著忠信,则都在忠信上。只为只是这个道理,自然血脉贯通。” ……
“天理”在朱熹的哲学思想中包含道理、规律、秩序、准则、规定性,“天理”既是天之大理,又是物之小理,还是人之道理。天理是自然之理,是万物之常理,是事物本来的规律,是社会之秩序,是人的道理、情理。“天地之心,天地之理。理是道理……心固是主宰底意,然所谓主宰者,即是理也,不是心外别有个理,理外别有个心……窃谓天地无心,仁便是天地之心。” “仁者,天下之公,善之本也。仁者,天下之正理,失正理则无序而不和。” 可见朱熹希望留存的是人的仁爱之心。
人者,仁也。仁慈恻隐,自利利他,故名为“人”。人者,尽也。尽儒教伦常之道以敦伦,尽佛教心性之道以证心,故名为“人”。人之所以为人就是因为有仁爱之心。这就是朱熹希望留存的“天理”。
“理是人物同得于天者。” “仁者以天地万物为一体,莫非己也。认得为己,何所不至?” “存天理”就是追寻人与自然、人与社会的和谐统一。
C封建道德规范和等级制度
宋学的观点,现有社会的组织是合理的,只因为人们不能各尽其责,才导致社会有问题。而他们认为合理的组织,则是古时封建社会和农业社会中的道德、伦理和政治制度。所以他们反对一切改变政治体制的行为。
C
"存天理,灭人欲'' 中的天理用三纲五常维系封建专制制度
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