高中语文-修辞手法

2025-02-27 22:36:38
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

1.
比喻和比拟,都是加强语言形象性的修辞手段,但它们是两种不同的修辞方式。初中教材中说:“比喻重在‘喻’、即以甲事物晚乙事物,甲乙两物有主有从;比拟重在"拟",即将甲事物当作乙事物,甲乙两事物彼此相融,浑然一体."这仅是一种概括性的区别原则,如果教师照本宣科,不仅初中学生不易理解,就是高中学生也怕难于接受.我以为必须作进—步的全体阐释。

(一)比喻与比拟的性质不同、作用不同.比喻是用与本体事物有相似点的另一事物作比‘也就是打比方;一定得有相似点,通过相似点使本体同喻体联系起来,唤起人们的联想,使人更具体地惑知事物。比拟即模拟,它是用乙事物具有的特性(包括称渭、动作、行为等)写甲事物,或者说是把乙事物的特性“强加于甲事物。乙事物—般是有生命力的,能活动,有感情的;它比甲事物具体实在,于是本来较抽象、不太实在的事物变得具体实在了,当然就增添了语言的生动性。由此可见,比喻强调的是甲乙两物的相似性,而比拟却是利用它们之间的不同特性,使两体融为一体,这是区别比喻和比拟最重要的标志。请看如下例句:

(1)故人已经成为瓮中之鳖,不好玫暂且围着算了。(徐海东《奠基礼》)
(2)他确乎有点像一橡树,坚壮、沉默,而又有生气。 (老舍《骆驼祥子》)
(3)月亮一露面,满天的星星惊散了。(杨朔《金字塔夜月》)
(4)真理它却不会弯腰。(臧克家《胜利的狂飚》)

例(1)取瓮中之鳖待擒这一点说明敌人当时的处境,二者有相似点, 能给人具体形象的感受,这是比喻。例(2)从树的外形特点联想到样子的外貌、气质特征,两者有相似点,也属比喻。例(3)“月亮”、“星星”本是无生物,并无“露面”、“惊散”这样的特征,现以生物的特征描写它们.只是为了让其情态逼真,跃然纸上,这是比拟。例(4)将无形的抽象物“真理”人格化、形象化,也属比拟。

(二)比喻与比拟的句式结构不同。比喻句由本体、喻体和喻词三部分组成。借喻虽然不出现喻词和本体,但可以变换为有喻词和本体的明喻、暗喻。不管是哪一种比喻,始终都有喻体;比拟句主要是借助想象,将本体模拟为人的或物的某种行为、动作或情态,不论是拟人,还是拟物,始终都无拟体。例如“东西长安街成了喧腾的大诲”(袁鹰《十月长安街》)。这是暗喻、由本体(长安街)、喻体(大海)、喻词(成)构成,又如“我们之闻已经隔了一层可悲的厚障壁了”(鲁迅(故乡))。这是借蝓,借“厚障壁”比喻“我”与闰土之间形成的隔阂。它把本体和喻词都隐去了,只用喻体代替本体。另如“波浪一边歌唱一边冲向高空去迎接那雷声”(高尔基《海燕》)。这却是拟人句,将“波浪”当作人描写,赋予它一些人的动作和思想

2.
象征是通过一些具体形象,使人产生联想,从而表现与之相联系的某种抽象的概念、思想、感情,表现作品主题的艺术创作手法,属于文艺学范畴。它是一种写作手法。

而借代是一种修辞手法,是指用相关的事物来替代所要表达的事物,本体与借体之间没有相似点,只有相关性,因而不能加“像”字换成明喻。举例来说吧,比如巴金的《灯》通篇把灯光作为光明的象征,作为人们理想、希望、力量和胜利的象征;高尔基的《海燕》用海燕象征了革命先驱者和预言家大无畏的革命精神,还有茅盾的《白杨礼赞》等;借代比如陶渊明的《桃花源记》中“黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。”黄发就代指老人,而垂髫本是小孩头上下垂的头发,在这就代指小孩了。

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