推荐回答(3个)
偏头疼是反复发作的一种搏动性头疼,属众多头疼类型中的“大户”。 它发作前常有闪光、视物模糊、肢体麻木等先兆,约数分钟至1小时左右出现一侧头部一跳一跳的疼痛,并逐渐加剧,直到出现恶心、呕吐后,感觉才会有所好转在安静、黑暗环境内或睡眠后头疼缓解。在头痛发生前或发作时可伴有神经、精神功能障碍。 治疗目的除解除急性头痛发作症状外需尽量防止或减少头痛的反复发作。应避免各种诱发因素。药物治疗,心理治疗,针灸及气功对部分病人有效。 (一)急性发作的治疗 应在安静避光的室内休息。轻者可服用一般的镇痛剂和安定剂(如阿斯匹林、布洛芬等),多数可获得缓减。头痛伴恶心、呕吐者可应用灭吐灵。 麦角胺制对部分病人有效。它是5-HT受体的促动剂,也有直接收缩血管作用。主要激动5-HT1A受体,但对多巴胺,肾上腺素受体也有作用,因此副作用较大。常用麦角胺咖啡因片(每片含咖啡因100mg和麦角胺1mg),在出现先兆或开始隐痛时立即服用1~2片。为避免麦角中毒,单次发作用量不要超过4片,每周总量不得超过8片。或可用酒石酸麦角胺0.25~0.5mg,作皮下或肌肉注射。麦角过量会出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛、肌痛及周围血管痉挛、缺血等副作用。有严重心血管、肝、肾疾病者及孕妇禁用。对偏瘫型、眼肌麻痹型和基底型偏头疼也不适用。 英明格(sumatriptan)是5-HT1D受体促动剂,对脑血管有高度选择性作用。成人口服100mg,30分钟后头痛开始缓解,4小时后达到最佳疗效。皮下注射6mg(成人量)起效快,症状复发可在24小时内再次注射6mg。副作用轻微,有一过性全身热、口干、头部压迫感和关节酸痛。偶尔也有胸闷、胸痛或心悸情况。 偏头疼持续状态和严重偏头疼可口服或肌注氯丙嗪(1mg/kg)或静脉滴注ACTH50单位(置于500ml葡萄糖水内),或口服泼尼松10mg,1日3次。对发作时间持续较长的病人应注意适当补液,纠正水及电解质紊乱。
头痛如多在夜间发作,且经常半夜疼醒,应先考虑到丛集性头痛的可能。 丛集性头痛中年男性多见,多在夜间发作,无先兆,单侧面部灼痛、跳痛,直立位减轻,时间半~2小时,常伴有流泪、脸红等。饮酒可加重发作。 另外,中老年人,过去无头痛病史,近期发生头痛,应重点排除中枢病变引起的头痛,如占位性头痛、脑血管病变性头痛,其次为颈椎病引起的头痛等。 为明确诊断,应去医院经神经内科检查,重点做: 1、颅脑CT——除外中枢性头痛(颅脑占位病变、脑血管病变等) 2、颈椎片——除外颈椎病性头痛; 3、鼻窦片与鼻咽部检查,除外鼻源性头痛。 治疗: 1、明确病因后,针对病因进行治疗。 2、对症治疗——颅痛定30~60mg/次,或强痛定30~60mg/次,必要时服。 3、偏头痛可服麦角胺 或 麦角胺咖啡因片,一次1~2片,(每日最多服6片)。 4、祛除诱发因素——如避免精神紧张、生活规律、避免疲劳;不饮酒、不吸烟等。
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