请问有没有这样的上市公司融资案例:发行债券与发行股票同时进行。谢谢!
推荐回答(2个)
债券融资和股票融资是企业直接融资的两种方式,在国际成熟的资本市场上,债券融资往往更受企业的青睐,企业的债券融资额通常是股权融资的3~10倍。之所以会出现这种现象,是因为企业债券融资同股票融资相比,在财务上具有许多优势。
1.债券融资的税盾作用。债券的税盾作用来自于债务利息和股利的支出顺序不同,世界各国税法基本上都准予利息支出在税前列支,而股息则在税后支付。这对企业而言相当于债券筹资成本中的相当一部分是由国家负担的,因而负债经营能为企业带来税收节约价值。我国企业所得税税率为33%,也就意味着企业举债成本中有将近1/3是由国家承担,因此,企业举债可以合理地避税,从而使企业的每股税后利润增加。
2.债券融资的财务杠杆作用。所谓财务杠杆是指企业负债对经营成果具有放大作用。股票融资可以增加企业的资本金和抗风险能力,但股票融资同时也使企业的所有者权益增加,其结果是通过股票发行筹集资金所产生的收益或亏损会被全体股东所均摊。
债券融资则不然,企业发行债券除了按事先确定的票面利率支付利息外(衍生品种除外),其余的经营成果将为原来的股东所分享。如果纳税付息前利润率高于利率,负债经营就可以增加税后利润,从而形成财富从债权人到股东之间的转移,使股东收益增加。
3.债券融资的资本结构优化作用。罗斯的信号传递理论认为,企业的价值与负债率正相关,越是高质量的企业,负债率越高。迈尔斯和麦吉勒夫的强弱顺势理论也认为,企业发行新股,市场价值将下降。R·W·Masulis的实证研究表明,当企业发行债券回购股份时,股票价格上升,而当发行股票来还债时,股票价格下降。由此可见,企业发行债券不能仅仅看作企业单纯的融资行为,更为重要的是企业对自身资本结构的战略性调整,是为了实现企业价值最大化的一种资本结构决策。
4.债券融资的激励作用。债务的存在类似一项担保机制,由于存在无法偿还债务的财务危机风险甚至破产风险,经理人员必须努力做好投资决策,并带领员工努力工作以降低风险。相反,如果不发行债券,企业就不会有破产风险,经理人员也丧失了扩大利润的积极性,市场对企业的评价也相应降低。债务融资还能避免道德风险和逆向选择,从而改善公司治理。
5.债券融资有利于股权控制。企业通过发行债券筹集资金,只要企业按合同归还本息,控制权仍掌握在原来的股东手中,企业股东并不会因为发行债券而使其地位受到挑战。对于债券的投资者,它只享有按期收回投资本息的权利而不能参与企业的经营决策和管理,因而不会导致股权的分散,有利于股东对公司经营权和管理决策的控制。只有在企业无法如期归还本息时,控制权才会受到影响。
以上分析表明,企业债券较股票融资而言,存在诸多优势。因而就资本市场而言,一国应优先发展其企业债券市场。20世纪80年代以来,美国企业从股票市场赎回了6000亿美元的股票,同时在债券市场增加了10000亿美元的债券,发行债券已成为大多数美国企业外部融资的主要渠道,股票市场已成为次要的资金来源了。
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