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埃斯库罗斯出生于雅典的近郊厄琉西斯的一个贵族家庭。传说,埃斯库罗斯幼年时,曾在葡萄园中看葡萄。有一天,他埃斯库罗斯在一棵葡萄树下睡熟了,梦见酒神狄奥尼索斯叫他写悲剧。长大之后,他就到处搜集资料,打算编写悲剧。埃斯库罗斯青年时代曾目睹雅典推翻僭主政治,建立民主政治的斗争,并亲自参加过反抗波斯侵略的马拉松战役和萨拉米海战。在政治上,埃斯库罗斯是雅典民主政治的拥护者。公元前456年,埃斯库罗斯逝于西西里。他一生写了大约70~90部剧本,但留传下来的仅有7部,即《乞援人》《波斯人》《七雄攻打底比斯》《被缚的普罗米修斯》《阿伽门农王》《奠酒人》《报仇神》。其中后三部是流传下来的惟一完整的三部曲,总名为《奥莱斯特三部曲》。埃斯库罗斯以希波战争为题材发表的《波斯人》是现存惟一以当时现实生活为内容的悲剧。其他的作品则都取材于神话故事和英雄传说。他的作品慷慨激昂,充满爱国热情,同时也对人在命运之前的奋勇反抗歌颂备至。因此,恩格斯称其是一位“有强烈倾向的诗人”。
所有人在这个古希腊剧场的遗址上都会想到影响深远的古希腊悲剧。拄基上的雕像有一种震撼人心的表情,是悲伤还是惊恐,抑或二者兼有。《被缚的普罗米修斯》取材于古代希腊的一个神话:宙斯因人类欺骗了他,拒绝将火赐予人类。大神普罗米修斯瞒着宙斯,从火神赫淮斯托斯的炉中盗取圣火,将其送给人类,凡人因此能够吃到熟食,并有了取暖手段。宙斯大怒,他命赫淮斯托斯和其两个徒弟把普罗米修斯用铁链绑缚在高加索山上,使他终年听不见人声,看不见人影,每日风吹日晒,还要忍受弯着膝盖,胸膛受铁锤敲打、肝脏被老鹰啄食的酷刑。但普罗米修斯也掌握着宙斯的一个大秘密,使宙斯不敢对他下杀手,因此,不管是老于世故的河神,还是奴气十足的神使赫耳墨斯,都未能说服普罗米修斯向宙斯屈服。正因为如此,普罗米修斯被后人视为敢于反抗暴政、为人类而不惜牺牲自己的艺术典型。《被缚的普罗米修斯》也成为希腊悲剧中主题最崇高、风格最庄严的作品之一。
《阿伽门农王》《奠酒人》和《降福女神》合称“奥莱斯特三部曲”,大约上演于公元前458年。这是古代希腊悲剧中惟一流传下来的完整的三部曲式作品,故事也取材于远古希腊传说。阿伽门农统帅希腊联军远征特洛伊,10年后胜利归来。其妻克吕泰墨斯特拉此时已与埃癸斯托斯勾搭成奸,她愤恨阿伽门农杀女祭风,更恨阿伽门农带回的新欢,于是设下计策,用大网罩住阿伽门农,再用斧头将其砍死。阿伽门农带回的女俘、同时也是他的小妾的卡桑德尔也随后被杀。因此,全剧笼罩在一片恐怖的仇杀气氛之中。
《奠酒人》的剧情紧承《阿伽门农王》。克吕泰墨斯特拉杀死丈夫后,为斩草除根,又想杀死其子奥莱斯特,其女厄勒克特拉深为不满,急忙将奥莱斯特送出宫,寄养在别人家中。奥莱斯特长大后,在阿波罗的鼓励下决心杀母复仇。他谎称奥莱斯特已死,骗得其母相信,乘其不备将其制服后杀死,随后又杀死奸夫厄癸斯托斯,全剧又是在一片阴森恐怖中结束。
《报仇神》为大结局。奥莱斯特杀死母亲后,其母的灵魂立即向复仇女神申诉,复仇女神们专管血亲仇杀,因而追逐奥莱斯特斯。奥莱斯特斯四处逃亡,心神恍惚,求助于阿波罗。阿波罗将其送往雅典,雅典娜女神接受了案子。她自任主持人,组织法庭对奥莱斯特进行审判。审判的结果是奥莱斯特被无罪开释,罪名被洗清。复仇女神们也接受事实,放弃复仇职责,改当降福女神,一场连一场的家族仇杀剧终于收场,世界又恢复了和平,重新充满了爱。
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